Skull

Question 1

how do we assess rotation in a Caldwell skull

Answer 1

I nominate lines equidistant from midline

Question 2

where should the petrous ridges be in a Caldwell skull

Answer 2

in the lower third of the orbits

Question 3

on a PA Caldwell, the petrous ridges are too high
what is the correction

Answer 3

angle caudad or lift the chin

Question 4

give 2 corrections

Answer 4

angle 10 caudad
OR lift chin so OML changes by 10 deg
rotate nose to the left

Question 5

On a PA caldwell, if the CP is too inferior, but the petrous ridges are perfect, what will happen when you correct it?
what do you need to do to fix it

Answer 5

they will be projected too low

need to adjust skull position

Question 6

if on a PA caldwell, the petrous ridges are at 1/2 way in the orbits, what is the correction

Answer 6

caudad angle needs to be increased by 5 deg
or flex neck so OML changed 5 deg

Question 7

what is the issue here

Answer 7

way too much angle

Question 8

what is the correction

Answer 8

20-25 deg more caudad
lift chin to change OML by 20-25 deg

Question 9

how is a PA caldwell done (base formula)

Answer 9

OML perpendicular
angle 15 deg caudad

Question 10

what should be corrected about the petrous ridges in this PA cadwell

Answer 10

nothing!

Question 11

what are the corrections for this PA caldwell (3)

Answer 11

CP needs to be raised
nose to go right slightly
vertex to go left

Question 12

for an AP Caldwell, if the OML is perp, what angle do you use?

Answer 12

15 deg CEPHALAD

Question 13

what is the correction

Answer 13

flex the neck

Question 14

correction (2)

Answer 14

less cephalad angle
or flex neck
nose to the right

Question 15

how is the positioning

Answer 15

correct, issues come from bad CP

Question 16

what is the correction

Answer 16

change the CP

Question 17

(AP) should you correct without a CP change, what would you do

Answer 17

nose to the right
include vertex
5 deg decrease of ceph angle

Question 18

what is the most lateral sinus when doing a waters

Answer 18

maxillary sinus

Question 19

where are the petrous ridges on a waters

Answer 19

below maxillary sinuses/antrum

Question 20

where is collimation on a waters sinus

Answer 20

edge of orbits
hairline to below open mouth

Question 21

when do you waters method with the mouth open versus closed

Answer 21

sinuses - open
facial - closed

Question 22

where is collimation on a waters facial

Answer 22

include zygomatic arches
include supraorbital margin, to mandible

Question 23

critique (sinus) (4)

Answer 23

extend neck
flip marker
collimate
nose to the left

Question 24

(sinus) what would the angle correction be here

Answer 24

NOTHING!!! do not angle for sinuses

Question 25

critique (3)

Answer 25

nose too right neck too extended bad marker

Question 26

how do you position an OM waters

Answer 26

line up MML, then open the mouth

Question 27

on an OM waters, how do you know the angle and extension are good?

Answer 27

odontoid should be visualized in the foramen magnum

Question 28

critique

Answer 28

nose is too left collimation - field size too big

Question 29

corrections (2-3)

Answer 29

extend neck more nose more to the R collimate

Question 30

critique

Answer 30

extend neck more nose is too left collimate (if skull) close the mouth??

Question 31

on an open mouth facial, the petrous ridges are visualized in the maxillary sinuses what needs to be done

Answer 31

extend the neck

Question 32

correction

Answer 32

extend 5 deg more (mandible is a bit too close to odontoid)

Question 33

criteria for a lateral skull (4)

Answer 33

orbital plates are si TMj in same vertical plane EAMs in same vertical plane top of skull parallel to IR

Question 34

on a lateral skull, the zygomatic processes are superimposed, what does this mean

Answer 34

nose is away from the bucky

Question 35

critique how do you know

Answer 35

vertex is away from the bucky mag'd zyg process is inferior

Question 36

correction

Answer 36

CP up for vertex extend the neck nose to come away from bucky

Question 37

what do you need to consider when correcting this image

Answer 37

when the CP is corrected, tilt will be introduced tilt vertex to bucky to account for it

Question 38

where is the preferred marker placement on a lateral skull

Answer 38

superior anterior

Question 39

correction

Answer 39

chin up nose needs to go L smaller field size ** shoulders need to be obliqued

Question 40

criteria for lateral orbits (4)

Answer 40

IPL perpendicular MSP parallel eyes fixed on one spot post/sup border of zygomatic processes aligned

Question 41

correction

Answer 41

nose needs to go towards the bucky

Question 42

correction

Answer 42

vertex towards the bucky nose to the R

Question 43

what projection is the best to visualize the mandible

Answer 43

ruggles OML perpendicular with no angle

Question 44

critique

Answer 44

petrous too low, by 10 deg (neck is extended) OML not perpendicular