what bone needs to be included on a PA thumb
(other than the thumb bones)
the trapezium!!
how do you achieve the core 4 joint spaces on a PA thumb
ulnar deviate
elbow has to be higher than the wrist
PA oblique hand criteria (2)
2/3 MCP heads apart
4/5 midshaft space open
fan lateral difference when foreign body
do not touch fingers together
to what degree is the volar tilt
11 deg
to what degree is the radial inclination
22 deg
what is the cignet ring sign on a PA wrist
extreme foreshortening of the scaphoid
what causes cignet ring sign on a PA wrist
radial deviation
or prox. forearm too high
what should the superimposition be on an AP elbow
1/4” of the radial head si by ulna
radial tuberosity si 50% by ulna
how can you differentiate rotations on an AP elbow
> 50% internal rotation
<50% external rotation
what rotation makes the humeral epicondyles parallel to IR
external
what rotation makes the humeral epicondyles on a 45 degree angle to IR
neutral rotation
what rotation makes the humeral epicondyles perpendicular to IR
internal rotation
how do we achieve a straight humerus on an axillary shoulder
hand higher than the shoulder
what is must be open on a PA wrist
scapholunate js
describe the pisiform alignment on a PA wrist
ulnar border of the pisiform outside the ulnar border of the triquetrium
describe the scaphoid alignment on a lateral wrist
anterior part of scaphoid almost aligned with anterior part of pisiform
which elbow is best for radial head #
AP external oblique
which elbow is best for visualizing loose bodies
AP external oblique
superimposition criteria for AP glenoid
coracoid process superimposes humeral head by 0.25”
if you can see the lesser tuberosity on an AP shoulder, what does that mean
internal rotation
