Socio

Question 1

Social characteristics that effected sport in pre industrial Britain

Answer 1

Different classes would be involved in different activities
Upper- aristocracy or gentry who were hereditary landowners
Lower/peasant class people worked manually on the land

Question 2

How did gender effect sport in pre industrial Britain

Answer 2

Society was male dominated- people had different roles/activities
Lower class activities were based n male characteristics like strength and force
Women did take part in smock racing
Women did take part in cricket
Women did take part in upper class pursuits like real tennis.

Question 3

How did education/ literacy effect sport in pre industrial Britain

Answer 3

Some activities involved more complex rules and therefore required an educated player.
Lower class were uneducated
Upper class men were literate no educational system
Lack of rules based on low literacy rate.
Games passed on by word of mouth.
1. There were unwritten rules or sport due to illiteracy
2. Simple rules for the lower class/ peasants
3. More sophisticated/ advanced rules for the upper class

Question 4

Give some examples of some sports played in pre industrial Britain

Answer 4

Mob football- male dominated (masculinity)
Cotswold olympics- multi event sports festival. (Shin-kicking, champion of the hill,tug of war, running races)
Cheese rolling
Cricket
Real tennis (royals, exclusive)
Pedestrianism

Question 5

How did law and order affect sport participation in pre industrial Britain

Answer 5

There was no police force/ it was “uncivilised”

Question 6

Characteristics of lower class spot in lure industrial Britain

Answer 6

Violent(no police force)
Unwritten/ simple /few rules (due to illiteracy)
Local
Natural/simple/basic facilities or equipment (availability of money)
Occasional/ irregular/mainly holy days (time and availability)
Angering
Mainly male participation(gender)
No specialist clothing(availability of money)
Eg mob football or pedestrianism(the upper class would ac as “Sponsors”)

Question 7

How did availability of time affect sport participation for pre industrial Britain.

Answer 7

For some/ peasant classes too much work time negated ability to play and the upper class had more time to play sport.

Question 8

How did the availability of money affect sport in pre industrial Britain

Answer 8

Money enabled the playing of activities demanding more equipment/ facilities/ memberships.
The lower class didn’t have money so port was more simple/ natural. With wagering/ gambling r the upper class.

Question 9

How did the availability of transport affect sport in pre industrial Britain

Answer 9

Travel offered the chance to for people to travel to facilities or be able to participate against others. There was a lack of transport so many sport were localised (played in local areas) and there were different versions of games in different locations.

Question 10

Characteristics of upper-class sport in pre industrial Britain

Answer 10

Class distinct - Very little mixing with the lower class
• Wagering - Most upper-class sport was a focus of betting
• Time consuming - Upper-class played sports which took a long time
• Rule bound - Upper-class sports had written and/or complex rules
• Civilised - Upper-class sports were not violent
• Equipped - Upper-class sports required equipment
• Regular - Upper-class played sports regularly
• An example of sports the Upper Class took part in was real tennis and fox hunting.

Question 11

How has time affected affected pre- industrial Britain

Answer 11

• Lower Class: Long working hours or little free time limited participation
• Festivals: Festivals / holy days / wakes / fairs were the only opportunities for lower classes to participate
• Upper Class: Extensive free time for recreation, which meant they participated more.
• Upper Class: Extensive free time so could participate in long lasting activities such as fox hunting.

Question 14

What is social class?

Answer 14

A group defined by their status within a community or population.

Question 15

What factors define the social class a person belongs to?

Answer 15

• Economic success
• Family background
• Friends
• Education level

Question 16

What are the three typical social classes in Britain?

Answer 16

• Upper class
• Middle class
• Lower class

Question 17

What does ‘pre-industrial Britain’ refer to?

Answer 17

The socio-cultural environment in Britain before the Industrial Revolution, typically between 1750 and 1850.

Question 18

What is pedestrianism?

Answer 18

A form of nineteenth-century competitive walking.

Question 19

What was cock fighting?

Answer 19

An upper class sport with medieval links involving gambling on fights between cocks.

Question 20

When was cock fighting made illegal?

Answer 20

By an Act of Parliament in 1849.

Question 21

What was the typical size of a cock fighting pit?

Answer 21

Approximately 14-foot square with an eight-inch high fence.

Question 22

What activities did the peasant class participate in during pre-industrial Britain?

Answer 22

• Mob football
• Dog fighting
• Prize fighting

Question 23

What activities were associated with the upper class in pre-industrial Britain?

Answer 23

• Real tennis
• Fox hunting

Question 24

What role did the upper class have in pedestrianism?

Answer 24

They acted as patrons or sponsors for lower-class participants.

Question 25

What was one of the origins of pedestrianism?

Answer 25

It arose from footmen who attended horse-drawn carriages of the aristocracy.

Question 26

What was a famous pedestrian and what did he achieve?

Answer 26

Captain Robert Barclay Alardice walked for one mile every hour for 1,000 hours in 1809.

Question 27

What were the expected activities for women in pre-industrial Britain?

Answer 27

Activities suited to their perceived status as the 'weaker' sex, such as smock races.

Question 28

What was a smock race?

Answer 28

A race that attracted the prize of a smock (a basic dress) for peasant women.

Question 29

What was the state of law and order in pre-industrial Britain?

Answer 29

There was little formal law and order, leading to violent activities among the peasant class.

Question 30

What did the 1829 Metropolitan Police Act accomplish?

Answer 30

It created a modern police force.

Question 31

How did education and literacy differ between social classes in pre-industrial Britain?

Answer 31

Upper classes were educated and literate, while peasant classes were mostly uneducated and illiterate.

Question 32

What is the definition of an amateur in sports?

Answer 32

A person who competes in sports activities but does not receive monetary reward.

Question 33

What is the definition of a professional in sports?

Answer 33

A person who competes in sports activities and earns an income by participating.

Question 34

What can cause violence?

Answer 34

Can cause a win at all costs attitude. Desire to win can be so overwhelming it can lead to aggression or violence. - Sport teams can represent a town, city or country. Society can be protective, therefore resulting in violence between spectators.

Question 35

Why could performers be aggressive?

Answer 35

- Potentially feeling threatened. - Nature of particular sports can attract further violence (Boxing).

Question 36

Is Violence a part of society? Can this be reflected in sport and how supporters behave?

Answer 36

Alcohol can increase the aggression of spectators PEDs can increase the aggression “road rage” Rivalries( supporters from opposite sides) Media/ social media escalating rivalries

Question 37

What is commercialisation in sport

Answer 37

The management of sport for profit. Makes sport a product t be brought or sold

Question 38

What is media

Answer 38

One element of the golden triangle; TV, radio, written press and internet; aims are to inform, educate, entertain, and advertise.

Question 39

Factors Leading to the commercialisation of contemporary physical activity and sport

Answer 39

1) Growing unlicensed interests and spectators -the viewing public (uk and globallly) increasingly want to watch, attend and be entertained by sport 2) More media interest- increased coverage by sky sport and other dedicated tv and radio sports channels 3) Professionalism -playing, endorsement and sponsorship opportunities Elite sport now a highly serious professional product 4) Advertising - Product exposure via sports gives huge profit / business opportunities 5) Sponsorship- Commercial interest in, and opportunities for sponsorship and endorsement of products, teams, events Remember more media GAPS

Question 40

Positives on the individual sport from commercialisation

Answer 40

2. Individual sport increased revenue can be used to: • improve stadia or training facilities • increase player recruitment and development • the format of some sports has changed to make them more entertaining/suitable for TV e.g. rugby league • TV income means top clubs are less reliant on gate money • leagues or tournaments can be established (that otherwise, would not be viable) greater profile / increased publicity • increased status or reputation increased funding exposure of minority and disability sports • myths and stereotypes broken e.g. women can't play rugby • tweaking rules to increase entertainment value • improved standards and world records • the media can disclose scandal and help eliminate corruption

Question 41

Positives on the society for commercialisation

Answer 41

People become more knowledgeable about the sport some may dislike the 'win at all costs' ethic that could be linked to violence, corruption and/or cheating In sport participation rates could increase due to positive role modelling, inspiration and encouragement/ excitement - watching or participating both have the potential to be 'healthy' pastimes

Question 42

What are the positives on the performers for commercialisation

Answer 42

- sponsorship helps with: kit, equipment, training, travel, competition, accommodation costs - opportunity (for small minority) to become wealthy global celebrities - increased participation fairer outcomes greater profile; chance for fame and fortune ( for minority )

Question 43

What are the negative effects of commercialisation on society

Answer 43

for society : some may dislike the 'win at all costs' ethic that could be linked to violence, corruption and/or cheating

Question 44

What ate the negatives of commercialisation on the individual sport

Answer 44

- some control has moved from **NGBs** to **media companies** - maximum revenue goes to the "big sports' which are usually male dominated - smaller/ minority sports still lag behind - some argue that business interests are now more important than the sport - some mourn the fact that sport has lost its tradition and / or values - some argue that certain sports are now simply a **branch** of the **advertising industry** - some might **dislike / disapprove** of their sponsor or their stadium being named after a certain business

Question 45

Definition of violence

Answer 45

Intense physical force that is directed towards harming another individual or groups of individuals can cause injury or death

Question 46

What causes violence in BOTH players and spectators, players , spectators

Answer 46

BOTH: frustration/ anger wit the officials or result GAMESMANSHIP by the opposition Provocation or abuse Rivalry eg local derby Drugs/ alcohol PLAYERS: Equipment can. Be used as weapons eg sticks in ice hockey Violent nature/ physical contact in some games eg American football Emotional/ anger issues SPECTATORS : Overcrowding/ poor spectator provision Hooligans- cause trouble Peer pressure/mass culture