Spec Set 2

Question 1

name structures of C,D and E

Answer 1

C - m line

D - mitochondrion

E - myofibril

Question 2

give name of structure between points A and B

Answer 2

sarcomere

Question 3

Answer 3

• low pH changes shape of calcium ion receptors
• fewer calcium ions bind to tropomyosin
• less tropomyosin expose actin myosin binding site
• less formation of actin myosin crossbridges

Question 4

Answer 4

• protection to prevent damage of tissue
• rapid
• help escape from pred
• enable homeostatic control
• dont need to learn

Question 5

Answer 5

• receptors ONLY on post synaptic membrane
• neurotransmitter ONLY released from pre -synaptic membrane

Question 6

Answer 6

• less protons transported across TK membrane
• less ATP produced
• less NADPH produced
• LIDR slows

Question 7

Answer 7

heat given off by high energy electrons

Question 8

Answer 8

water still re absorbed

Question 9

explain shape of curve in loop of henle

Answer 9

• conc rises in descending limb because sodium ions enter AND water lost
• conc falls in ascending limb because sodium ions actively removed
• water remains in ascending limb because walls = imperm

Question 10

whats the evidence that the person was secreting ADH

Answer 10

• adh inc perm of walls of collecting duct to water
• conc inc as water lost by osmosis

Question 11

define epigenetics

Answer 11

• heretible changes in gene function
• without changes to base sequence of dna

Question 12

Answer 12

oestrogen - protein

methyl groups - dna

acetyl groups - protein

Question 13

Answer 13

• methyl groups added on to TSG - mutation
• transcription of TSG inhibited
• leads to uncontrolled cell division

Question 14

Answer 14

• abiotic factors constant
• same species present over long time
• pop stable (around carring capacity)

Question 15

Answer 15

• human gene contains introns
• e coli cannot splice mrna to remove introns

Question 16

Answer 16

gene machine faster than all enzyme catalysed reactions

Question 17

Answer 17

• cut plasmid with RE
• both have comp / sticky ends
• add ligase to join comp / sticky ends

Question 18

Answer 18

can quickly identify transformed bacteria under UV light

Question 19

arabinose is a sugar that can bind to araC

why must geneticists include arabinose in the agar plate on which she hopes to grow e coli

Answer 19

• arabinose alters structure of araC protein
• stops inhibition of promotor gene and GFP gene transcribed

Question 20

Answer 20

• less resp - less gas exchange
• spiracles open less - less water loss

Question 21

Answer 21

• large sample - representative
• positive correlation
• overlaps in individual experiments at all humidities

Question 22

Answer 22

• less ATP produced - less energy for growth and reprod
• needed to make phospholipids for membranes

Question 23

Answer 23

hydrolyse murein in cell wall

Question 24

Answer 24

• binds to receptor
• leads to prod of TF
• mRNA produced

Question 25

Answer 25

direct plant to plant response - quicker response - no dilution of signal protein

Question 26

Answer 26

NOT USE - fertilisers prevent development of mycorrhizae - m help defend plants - m help take up nitrates and phosphates (inc in crop yield) USE - fertilisers inc phosphate and nitrate conc - inc GPP - inc yield - most soil poor in phosphate - adding phosphate replenishes it