IFR > Study Gaps w/ Alex > Flashcards

Study Gaps w/ Alex Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the requirement to log IMC time?

A

There is no specific requirement outlined. It’s at the discretion of the CFII but in general time spent solely in reference to instruments during flight in IMC.

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2
Q

When can you go visual in IMC conditions? Same for simulated IFR?

A

For IMC conditions, you can go visual any time after the FAF and visual conditions exist then it can be logged. For simulated IFR, you need to wait until MDA or DA.

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3
Q

RAIM v. WAAS

A

RAIM - random autonomous integrity monitoring, internal to the GPS to verify it has enough signals from satellites for GPS.
WAAS - wide area augmentation system, uses ground-based systems developed by the FAA to self-correct the GPS.

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4
Q

What is necessary for preflight checks on GPS?

A
  1. Installed properly
  2. Verify DBs are valid
  3. RAIM check if non-WAAS
  4. operating manual
  5. VOR checks if no WAAS
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5
Q

For IFR, what are the required equipments?

A

ATOMATOFLAMES + GRABCARD + FLAPS (if night)

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6
Q

What is required to descend below MDA or DA?

A
  • Visibility must be greater than what is labeled on the approach plate
  • The aircraft is continuously in a position from which a descent to a landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal rate of descent using normal maneuvers
  • What to see:
    1. The approach light system, except that the pilot may not descend below 100 feet above the touchdown zone elevation using the approach lights as a reference unless the red terminating bars or the red side row bars are also distinctly visible and identifiable.
      1. The threshold.
      2. The threshold markings.
      3. The threshold lights.
      4. The runway
      5. The runway lights
      6. The runway markings
      7. The touchdown zone
      8. The touchdown zone markings
      9. The touchdown zone lights
      10. The runway end identifier lights.
      11. The visual glideslope indicator.
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7
Q

What restrictions apply when filing for an alternate airport with non-WAAS equipment?

A

Needs to be a different approach: ILS, VOR, etc

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8
Q

Describe how an airspeed indicator works.

A

It does this by filling up the case of the instrument with static air, and filling something called an “pressure diaphragm” (the orange thing in the diagram above) with ram air. There are also some gears involved to make your airspeed needle move, but to keep things simple, as the diaphragm fills up with more ram pressure, it expands, and your airspeed goes up.

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9
Q

When adjusting the pressure for the day, what are you actually moving in the altimeter?

A

Just the needles.

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10
Q

If the weather permits, should you be watching for other traffic?

A

Yes, as weather permits, you are required to see and avoid other aircraft.

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11
Q

What is clearance void time?

A

Works at non-towered airports, voided 30 minutes after the cleared time.

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12
Q

What are the takeoff mins?

A

There are none but a good rule of thumb is no less than what is in the approach plate.

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13
Q

What are the different kinds of turbulence?

A

Light Moderate Severe Extreme

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14
Q

Are clearance void times only for nontowered airports?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What should you do if you lose an instrument while flying? Aka partial panel

A
  1. Maintain AC control
  2. Use your secondary controls to fly the plane
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16
Q

Explain the procedure if you are lost comms and enroute and cleared to your airport.

A
  1. Inform ATC
  2. Fly altitude (MEA, expected or assigned)/the highest of the 3 and your route should be AVEF.
  3. Fly to your IAF but if you’re early then you should fly in a hold until EFC and then proceed to IAF and to landing.
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17
Q

What privileges do you lose if you can’t fly IFR?

A

Flying in IFR conditions, flying in alpha airspace, less than IMC, special VFR sunrise to sunset

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18
Q

What do you need for an approach to be counted without a view-limiting device?

What about a simulator?

A

Start in IMC before the FAF and during the final segment pop out of the clouds at some point.

Simulator you need to set it up to be IMC from before FAF to DA/MDA

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19
Q

What qualifications do you need to be a safety pilot?

A

Current medical, flight review, have a rating in category and class

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20
Q

What time can a safety pilot log for an IFR flight?

A

The safety pilot can log PIC time while the other pilot is wearing the view-limiting device, ONLY if they agreed before flight to be PIC.

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21
Q

What does 9910 mean on a winds aloft?

A

Light and Variable

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22
Q

At what level on winds aloft do temps become negative?

A

24,000 feet

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23
Q

What is a blue/red alternating on a surface analysis chart?

A

Stationary front

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24
Q

What chart would you use for seeing cloud coverage?

A

Cloud cover

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25
Describe how to define moderate turbulence vs. severe turbulence.
Attitude or altitude changes Severe is coupled with a loss of control of the AC.
26
What layer of the Earth do we fly in?
Troposphere
27
How does wind form?
Uneven heating of the Earth's surface
28
What are convective currents?
Uneven heating of the Earth's surface causes pockets of air to rise and fall affecting low altitude AC
29
Why is a tailwind bad for takeoffs?
Increased takeoff distance and speed
30
How does a sea breeze form?
Differences in pressure created by the different heating capacities of water vs. land.
31
What is a mountain wave?
Develops on the downward side of a mountain by the wind pushed up the mountain causing oscillations/waves.
32
Why does warm air hold more water?
It is less dense so more room for water vapor
33
How does precipitation form?
Vapor condenses into bigger droplets of water and when heavy enough they fall.
34
What does freezing rain or ice pellets indicate?
An inversion
35
What is virga?
Rain evaporates before hitting the ground
36
How do clouds form?
Clouds form when the invisible water vapor in the air condenses into visible water droplets or ice crystals.
37
Explain downdrafts and updrafts in the stages of a thunderstorm.
Updrafts occur in the cumulus stage. It shifts to down drafts in the dissipating stage.
38
What are the three types of thunderstorms?
Single, multi, and super cells
39
What type of clouds are associated w/ thunderstorms?
Cumulonimbus
40
Why should you disengage autopilot if you accidentally enter a thunderstorm?
The autopilot will react to the thunderstorm, possibly resulting in a stall.
41
How fast can microbursts reach?
6000fpm, 45 knots from horizontal winds, up to 15 mins long
42
Explain how you would fly a DME ARC
Turns: Start X miles before based on the speed. If you fly 150 knots, then 1% of that 1.5 miles will be when you start your turn because you are entering at 90 degrees and exiting at 90 degrees. While in the turn you break up the ARC in 10 degree increments. Turn the OBS 10 degrees in the direction of a turn, left for a left turn and right for a right turn. As the needle starts to center then you twist another 10 and fly another ten while monitoring the DME throughout. If you deviate away then steepen your bank and if you deviate in then shallow your bank.
43
Can you close a flight plan in Foreflight?
No
44
What climb gradient do you have to follow if none is listed in the ODP?
200ftpnm
45
What does standard mean in an ODP?
Visibility standards...1sm for 1-2 engines, 1/2 for 3+
46
Who do you call for IFR clearance at a non-towered airport?
Listed in the info section at the airport in foreflight.
47
What pattern should you fly as you are doing a VCOA?
The traffic pattern
48
If ATC assigns you a route, can you fly the ODP instead?
No
49
What is the altitude you need to clear at the end of the runway for clearance?
35feet
50
If your IFR route includes an MOA, should you fly through it?
No, you should plan around the military operations area.
51
If ATC assigns you an altitude, should you follow a different altitude on your route?
No, you need ATC approval.
52
What does not in radar contact mean?
Not showing up on ATCs radar.
53
For position reporting, what information should you include?
ID, route, plane type, current time, estimated time to next fix, and fix name
54
Is there an altitude that guarantees radio?
No
55
To what distance is VOR coverage guaranteed at the MEA?
22 miles
56
On a STAR, what does 210K mean?
210 knots max
57
What does it mean if there are dotted lines on a STAR?
Visual indicator for lost comms
58
If cleared for the visual on an IFR flight plan, should you fly through a cloud?
No just stay clear of clouds
59
When flying outbound on a PT what is the maximum distance you can fly?
Whatever it says on the plate
60
Do you have to follow the plate on a barb which tells you the direction?
No, you just need to turn on that protected side, not necessarily the heading.
61
How do you calculate your descent rate?
Groundspeed / 2, add a zero + 50
62
What is the symbol when the lights are pilot controlled?
The ALS symbol is bubbled in.
62
What should you do if you are on your FAF and your glide slope doesn't work?
Report to ATC! Switch to LOC mins.
62
What is a VDP?
Visual descent point from which you can land on the runway going 3 degrees
63
How do you calculate a VDP?
MDA above AGL / 300 = distance
64
Why is the decision height important?
It's in AGL and you can compare it to the METAR for clouds.
65
What are the REILS?
Runway end identifer lights. White flashing lights on either side
66
What is TDZE?
Highest point in the first 3000 feet of the landing zone
67
If you turn on your circling and your wing tip blocks the runway, do you have to go missed?
You need to go missed if a distinctly visible part of the airport is not visible during circling or MDA unless it is a result of normal banking of the aircraft.
68
What clearance do MDAs give you on circle?
300 feet
69
What is a black C on the circling minimums?
Expanded margin of safety
70
What color are runway threshold lights?
Green
71
What is your FAF if not depicted on the chart?
Being established inbound course.
72
What are circling only approaches?
1. Final approach course alignment is not within 30 degrees 2. The descent is more than 400 feet per NM
73
What does the FAA consider to be known icing conditions?
When a reasonable pilot determines on the route that ice would form on a plane.
74
What would you check if it's 4C on a cloudy day?
Preflight check your pitot heat.
75
Where do you see icing first?
On small areas like your pitot or struts.
76
What is anti-icing vs. de-icing?
Anti - prevents ice, de - melts ice after it's formed
77
What temperature does rime ice form? Clear ice?
Rime is 10-20 and clear is 0-10
78
How does a tailplane stall occur in icing?
Ice forms on the tail and causes nose down when you extend the flaps
79
What is alternate static source pressure?
Lower than outside.
80
What happens if you're enroute and your airspeed goes to zero?
Pitot tube froze
81
On an attitude indicator, what is attached to the horizontal gyro?
The horizon
82
How would you determine when to stop your turn when flying with compass?
Latitude (40) / 2 + 15 then UNOS
83
What is the distance you are off if almost landing and full scale deflection
350ft
84
What should a CDI read on a VOT?
180 to and 360 from
85
Can a dual VOR check be done in the air?
Yes, within 4 degrees
86
What should you do / troubleshoot if you communications go out?
Cycle the master, try a different head phone jack
87
How do you know if your microphone is stuck?
TX will show up on the GPS
88
How should you inform ATC you have minimum fuel?
Tell them, "minimum fuel"
89
What is flicker vertigo?
When lights flicker in the cockpit at a certain frequency it can affect the brain
90
What is upslope illusion?
Creates an illusion the runway is higher than it is leading to a low approach
91
What happens to GPS if you lose RAIM on approach?
Yellow INTG warning
92
What is the precision of LP vs LNAV?
Localizer performance: gets more exact as you get closer and LNAV is 0.3nm
93
What do you do at VDP if you can't see the runway?
Continue flying MDA to the missed then go missed.
94
What is a cross-controlled stall?
Potential for a spin at a low altitude with the rudder in one direction and the ailerons in the other.
95
What is PARE in spin recovery?
Power idle, ailerons neutral, rudder in opposite direction, elevator forward
96
What lights are blue at a airport ?
Taxiway lights
97
What is the clearance for VASI/PAPI and their width?
10 degrees of centerline and within 4 miles
98
Do you need visible moisture for structural icing?
Yes
99
What kind of illusion occurs on landing in fog?
Somatogravic illusion, you feel like it's pitching up so you go nose down
100
What is fog?
A cloud on the ground
101
What is dew?
Air cools below the dew point and cause water vapor to condense
102
What is haze?
Particles suspended in the air
103
When do you file an alternate?
3/2/1 OR there is no standard instrument approach procedure at the airport
104
If the weather goes below 3/2/1 while flying, can you continue?
Yes, only applies to filing
105
Name the different illusions.
Inversion Coriolis Elevator False horizons Leans Autokinesis Graveyard spiral Somatogravic
106
What is the letter in an approach, like VOR-A?
It's a circling approach
107
What is the circling distance measured from?
The runway
108
What are the approach category speeds?
A - < 91 B - 91 - 120 C - 121 - 140 D - 141 - 164 E - 165+
109
Explain WAAS
Uses a combination of satellite data and ground data for precise accuracy
110
What are takeoff mins for Part 91?
No specific mins, can take off in any weather
111
How to recover in tail plane icing?
Reduce Power Retract Flaps AOA increase
112
Is the pressure in the cabin lower or higher?
Lower
113
Explain the Inversion Illusion
When you transition from a climb to straight and level flight, you can have the sensation of tumbling backwards which could cause you to pitch down even further.
114
Explain the coriolis illusion
When you're in a steady turn and shift your head down to look at a chart/instrument, it can give you the feeling of tumbling.
115
Explain the elevator illusion
You hit a sudden updraft momentarily it can give you the illusion that you're climbing / going up like in an elevator. This causes you to pitch down.
116
Explain false horizons.
Pilot mistakes sloping clouds, city lights or stars for the actual horizon creating a spatial disorientation.
117
Explain the leans.
Pilot is in a gradual turn and you level off but the fluid in your ear didn't detect the turn, this will cause you to perceive the leveling off as a turn in the other direction, so you reinitiate the same turn.
118
Explain autokinesis.
You stare at a light / star in the distance causing your brain to misinterpret it. This could cause you to perceive as another aircraft moving towards you when it's not.
119
Explain graveyard spiral
You enter a turn without knowing it and you don't notice it. When you finally correct, your brain could perceive it as a turn so you fix the correction by continuing the unnoticed turn in the same direction. You lose altitude and continue the turn causing a spiral.
120
Explain somatogravic.
Sudden acceleration or deceleration can make your brain feel like it's climbing or descending respectively. To adjust you may pitch down or up respectively causing a stall or descent.
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