Sugars

Question 1

what is the simplest sugar?

Answer 1

monosaccharide

Question 2

what is the general formula of monosaccharides?

Answer 2

(CH2O)n

Question 3

what is another name for sugars?

Answer 3

carbohydrates

Question 4

what is the formula of glucose?

Answer 4

C6H12O6

Question 5

draw the linear structure of glucose - check on slide 26 lecture 3 (model A)

Answer 5

-

Question 6

what can happen to the structure of glucose in aqueous solutions?

Answer 6

can form a ring

Question 7

draw the structural formula of glucose in aqueous solution

Answer 7

check slide 26 lecture 3 (model B)

Question 8

what do sugars form?

Answer 8

polymers called polysaccharides

Question 9

how many sugars does disaccharide have?

Answer 9

2

Question 10

what are examples of disaccharides?

Answer 10

lactose
maltose
sucrose

Question 11

what is a glucosamine?

Answer 11

a sugar with an amine group

Question 12

what is the difference between alpha and beta hydroxyl in sugars?

Answer 12

Alpha - OH group is same side of ring as C-O
Beta - OH group is opposite side of ring as C-O

Question 13

what is the name of the bond between sugars in disaccharides?

Answer 13

glycosidic bond

Question 14

what is maltose made of?

Answer 14

glucose + glucose

Question 15

what is lactose made of?

Answer 15

galactose + glucose

Question 16

what is sucrose made of?

Answer 16

glucose + fructose

Question 17

what is a glycan?

Answer 17

molecule with sugars

Question 18

what are GAGs?

Answer 18

unbranched polysaccharide chains composed of repeating disaccharide units

Question 19

do polysaccharides or GAGs dominate in intervertebrates, plants and fungi?

Answer 19

polysaccharides

Question 20

what is cellulose?

Answer 20

polyglucose

Question 21

what type of polysaccharide is highly abundant in plants?

Answer 21

cellulose

Question 22

what type of polysaccharide is found in insects, crustaceans and arthropods and what is its purpose?

Answer 22

chitin
forms shells and exoskeletons

Question 23

what is the structure of a GAG?

Answer 23

one of the two sugars in the repeating disaccharide is an amino sugar, which in most cases is sulphated

Question 24

what is an example of a GAG?

Answer 24

hyaluronic acid

Question 25

where are GAGs often found?

Answer 25

cosmetic products

Question 26

what does GAG stand for?

Answer 26

glycosaminoglycans

Question 27

why are GAGs important in the ECM?

Answer 27

polysaccharide chains are too stiff to fold up into the compact globular structures that polypeptide chains form and are strongly hydrophilic GAGs adopt highly extended conformations that occupy a huge volume relative to their mass, so fill most of the extracellular space

Question 28

what substance can GAGs form and when?

Answer 28

gels at low concentrations

Question 29

what is the extracellular space?

Answer 29

space surrounding cells

Question 30

what is the ECM? what does it stand for?

Answer 30

extracellular matrix material surrounding cells

Question 31

why can the ECM withstand compressive forces?

Answer 31

due to the turgor pressure

Question 32

how does turgor pressure form?

Answer 32

GAGs have a high density of negative charges which attracts a cloud of cations (especially Na+), causing large amounts of water to be sucked into the ECM

Question 33

what is turgor pressure?

Answer 33

swelling pressure

Question 34

what are proteoglycans?

Answer 34

GAG chains covalently linked to a core protein

Question 35

which species produce proteoglycans?

Answer 35

produced by most animal cells