Synaptic Transmission

Question 1

1909 - Maps of human … …, 43 cytoarchitectonic areas - Korbinian Brodmann

Answer 1

1909 - Maps of human cerebral cortex, 43 cytoarchitectonic areas - Korbinian Brodmann

Question 2

Phineas Gage - survived accident for several years - changes in his … - brain damaged resulted in … change - higher mental functions changed

Answer 2

Phineas Gage - survived accident for several years - changes in his personality - brain damaged resulted in behaviour change - higher mental functions changed

Question 3

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Temporary Lesion

• a non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of …

Answer 3

a non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression

Question 4

… - protein in algae - light-sensitive protein - ion channel stimulated in response to blue light - take DNA from this protein and insert into specific neurons into brain, can control them by stimulation with blue light - observe the behavioural results - invasive in contrast to TMS

Answer 4

Optogenetics - protein in algae - light-sensitive protein - ion channel stimulated in response to blue light - take DNA from this protein and insert into specific neurons into brain, can control them by stimulation with blue light - observe the behavioural results - invasive in contrast to TMS

Question 5

Synapse: a specialised … where one part of a … contacts and communicates with another … or cell type (muscle or glandular cell).

Answer 5

Synapse: a specialised junction where one part of a neuron contacts and communicates with another neuron or cell type (muscle or glandular cell).

Question 6

General categories of Synapse:

• … - majority
• … - simpler structure and function, faster, passive signal transmission, bidirectional, minority (but particularly common in development), allow synchronised electrical activity among populations of neurons

Answer 6

• Chemical - majority
• Electrical - simpler structure and function, faster, passive signal transmission, bidirectional, minority (but particularly common in development), allow synchronised electrical activity among populations of neurons

Question 7

Neurotransmitters & Chemical Synaptic Transmission

• How information is passed from one neuron to another or to the effector organ, i.e. muscles and glands, at the chemical synapses

Answer 7

• How information is passed from one neuron to another or to the effector organ, i.e. muscles and glands, at the chemical synapses

Question 8

Location of Chemical synapse:

Answer 8

Question 9

Structure of Chemical Synapse

• Synaptic bouton/button: the … element
• Synaptic …: 20-50 nm wide, 10 times the width of the separation at gap junctions
• Synaptic vesicles: ~50 nm in diameter, contain …
• … granules (dense-core vesicles): ~ 100 nm in diameter, contain soluble proteins that also act as neurotransmitters

Answer 9

• Synaptic bouton/button: the presynaptic element
• Synaptic cleft: 20-50 nm wide, 10 times the width of the separation at gap junctions
• Synaptic vesicles: ~50 nm in diameter, contain neurotransmitter
• Secretory granules (dense-core vesicles): ~ 100 nm in diameter, contain soluble proteins that also act as neurotransmitters

Question 10

Neuromuscular Junction

• The structure of the neuromuscular junction is broadly similar to that of the chemical synapse between neurons.
• The postsynaptic membrane at the neuromuscular junction is called the motor …-plate and contains a series of … folds (surface increase of chemically responsive membrane).

Answer 10

• The structure of the neuromuscular junction is broadly similar to that of the chemical synapse between neurons.
• The postsynaptic membrane at the neuromuscular junction is called the motor end-plate and contains a series of shallow folds (surface increase of chemically responsive membrane).

Question 11

Synaptic Transmission

• On an action potential reaching the synaptic terminal, neurotransmitter molecules are released from the presynaptic neuron and diffuse across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic membrane.
• Receptors recognize the neurotransmitters and initiate a response:
  
  • 1) Direct … or … neurotransmission: the membrane of the next cell becomes slightly … or …
  • 2) Neuromodulation: alters the presynaptic cell’s ability to release more transmitter or the postsynaptic cell’s ability to respond

Answer 11

• On an action potential reaching the synaptic terminal, neurotransmitter molecules are released from the presynaptic neuron and diffuse across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic membrane.
• Receptors recognize the neurotransmitters and initiate a response:
  
  • 1) Direct excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmission: the membrane of the next cell becomes slightly depolarized or hyperpolarised
  • 2) Neuromodulation: alters the presynaptic cell’s ability to release more transmitter or the postsynaptic cell’s ability to respond

Question 12

Synaptic Transmission

• On an action potential reaching the synaptic terminal, neurotransmitter molecules are released from the presynaptic neuron and diffuse across the synaptic … to the postsynaptic membrane.
• Receptors recognize the neurotransmitters and initiate a response:
  
  • 1) Direct excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmission: the membrane of the next cell becomes slightly depolarized or hyperpolarised
  • 2) Neuro…: alters the presynaptic cell’s ability to release more transmitter or the postsynaptic cell’s ability to respond

Answer 12

• On an action potential reaching the synaptic terminal, neurotransmitter molecules are released from the presynaptic neuron and diffuse across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic membrane.
• Receptors recognize the neurotransmitters and initiate a response:
  
  • 1) Direct excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmission: the membrane of the next cell becomes slightly depolarized or hyperpolarised
  • 2) Neuromodulation: alters the presynaptic cell’s ability to release more transmitter or the postsynaptic cell’s ability to respond

Question 13

Criteria that define a neurotransmitter:

• synthesized in the …
• present in presynaptic terminal and released in amounts … to exert a defined effect on the postsynaptic neuron or effector organ.
• when administered exogenously (as a drug) it mimics the action of the endogenously released transmitter.
• a specific mechanism exists for … … from the synaptic cleft

Answer 13

• synthesized in the neuron
• present in presynaptic terminal and released in amounts sufficient to exert a defined effect on the postsynaptic neuron or effector organ.
• when administered exogenously (as a drug) it mimics the action of the endogenously released transmitter.
• a specific mechanism exists for removing it from the synaptic cleft

Question 14

Criteria that define a neurotransmitter:

• … in the neuron
• present in presynaptic terminal and released in amounts sufficient to exert a defined effect on the postsynaptic neuron or effector organ.
• when administered … (as a drug) it mimics the action of the … released transmitter.
• a specific mechanism exists for removing it from the synaptic cleft

Answer 14

• synthesized in the neuron
• present in presynaptic terminal and released in amounts sufficient to exert a defined effect on the postsynaptic neuron or effector organ.
• when administered exogenously (as a drug) it mimics the action of the endogenously released transmitter.
• a specific mechanism exists for removing it from the synaptic cleft

Question 15

Sequence of events in a typical chemical synapse transmission

• synaptic transmission relies on the release of … in response to an action potential reaching the presynaptic terminal
• several categories of neurotransmitter
• can be … at all stages of their life cycle
• important to turn signal off as much as turn it on
• How are these processes regulated - both endogenously and with drugs?

Answer 15

• synaptic transmission relies on the release of neurotransmitters in response to an action potential reaching the presynaptic terminal
• several categories of neurotransmitter
• can be regulated at all stages of their life cycle
• important to turn signal off as much as turn it on
• How are these processes regulated - both endogenously and with drugs?

Question 16

Sequence of events in a typical chemical synapse transmission

Answer 16