T4 Applied lectures

Question 1

Laser beam experiment

Answer 1

• fluorescent labels on chromosomes and microtubules
• microtubules photobleached
  conclusion - they shorten at kinetochore end
• they are broken down by kinetochore plate, releasing tubulin subunits as byproducts

Question 2

Johnson and Rao experiments

Answer 2

testing cell cycle control enzymes
1st test: connected cell in interphase with cell in mitosis.
- cell in interphase began mitosis

2nd test: injected cytoplasm from cells in interphase and mitosis into interphase cells
- cell injected with M fluid started mitosis

conclusion - there is some regulatory molecule in M phase cytoplasm that triggers mitosis

Question 3

how to distinguish cancer cells

Answer 3

loss of normal features
- large, variably shaped nuclei
- disorganized arrangement
- excessive cell division (cell cycle and checkpoints not regulated)

Question 4

stages of cancer

Answer 4

1. small tumour, not grown outside starting place
2. larger than stage 1 but has not spread
3. large and spread to nearby tissues and lymph nodes
4. spread through lymph/blood

Question 5

chemo drugs

Answer 5

vincristine and taxol are anti-microbial agents
inhibit spindle fibre formation, disrupt mitosis

Question 6

CAR T cancer therapy

Answer 6

uses patients own immune system to fight cancer

1. remove patienst blood cells to extract T cells
2. make CAR T cells in lab
3. infuse into patient
4. cells bind to and kill cancer