Theme 1 Applied Lectures

Question 1

camel survival mechanisms

Answer 1

fat, TRISTEARIN

in hump:
- long fatty acid chains = lots of potential energy
- metabolized into ATP via BETA-OXIDATION

WATER LOSS TOLERANCE
- tristearin also a source of water when broken down with O2
- but generally not used because camles are very tolerant to water loss and can condense and store water in nostrils

Question 2

explain how bar-headed geese can fly so long

Answer 2

• huge energy reserves
• high altitude and prolonged flight can induce LIPOLYSIS
  ability to metabolize in HYPOXIC environments
• large lungs
• high breathing rate
• more alvioli
• high O2 affinity in RBC
• more mitochondria, close to capillaries

Question 3

beta-oxidation

Answer 3

metabolism of fats

can produce A LOT of Acetyl CoA -> LOTS of ATP

Question 4

locust metabolism

Answer 4

• sugars metabolized first 15 min of flight
• lipids CONSTANTLY being metabolized

Question 5

list methods of macromolecule energy metabolsim

Answer 5

CARBS -> monosaccharides -> pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA -> Krebs Cycle -> E- transport chain

FATS -> fatty acids -> Acetyl CoA

PROTEINS -> amino acids -> Acetyl CoA + pyruvate

Question 6

how can we tell if an amino acid is hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 6

hydrocarbon R structures = PHOBIC
benzene ring = PHOBIC
any AA that can HB = PHILIC

Question 7

name special amino acids

Answer 7

GLYCINE
- small
- hydrophobic, slightly polar

PROLINE
- hydrophobic

CYSTENE
- slightly polar
- 2 CYS can covalent bond with eachother = strong bonds!

Question 8

describe signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis and why they occur

Answer 8

genetic disorder that causes mucus buildup in ducts

cough: mucus in lungs
airway inflammation from cough and bacterial buildup leads to infections and pneumonia
salty sweat: problems with Na+ transport

CAUSES
- CFTR protein dysfunction at cilia membrane
- unable to control movement of Cl- and Na+ -> Na+ influx followed by water
- decreases surface liquid, impedes cilia’s ability to remove mucus

GENETIC CAUSES
- deletion of 1 amino acid @#508
- pr- doesn’t fold properly
- ER holds onto it OR send a dysfunctional pr-

Question 9

treatments for cystic fibrosis

Answer 9

• bronchoscopy
  
  • camera down throat, sucks up mucus
• antibiotics
• mucus thinning meds + humidifiers
• steroids to decrease inflammation
• bronchodialators

drugs - pharmacochaperones

CORRECTORS
- wedges to force CFTR to fold properly
- must be permiable to cell membrane

POTENTIATORS
- @ membrane surface to help fix non-functional CFTR shape

Question 10

problems with cystic fibrosis pharmacochaperone treatments

Answer 10

treatment for rarest types of CF very expensive (IVACAFTOR) while common CF (from AA#508 deletion) more accessible