1
Q
What contains the DNA ?
A
- The nucleus
2
Q
What two types of cell do we have ?
A
- Semmantic
- germ cell
3
Q
What is so special about semantic cells ?
A
- contain full copy of genome (DNA)
- create more phenotype
4
Q
What is so special about germ cells ?
A
- conatin half copy of genome (DNA)
- contain new genotype
5
Q
What does the DNA exist of ?
A
- 23 chromosome pairs
- 46 chromosomes
- 22 autosomes pair
- 1 Sex chromosome pair
6
Q
How many genes do we have and where are the genes located ?
A
- 20000 genes
- a section of a chromosome
7
Q
What does a gene consist of ?
A
- introns (function unknown)
- exons (express proteins)
8
Q
What is the structure + bases of an exon ?
A
- A+T
- C+G
- > Bases are hold together by hydrogen bond
- > Backbone exist out of a strong sugar phosphat
9
Q
What is a codon and how many codons do we have ?
A
- 64 pairs
- 3 bases in a row
- 1 codon = 1 amino acid
10
Q
How many amino acids do we have ?
A
- 20 because some codons form the same amino acid
11
Q
What is the function of amino acids ?
A
- multiple amino acids form a protein
12
Q
Name some facts about mitosis:
A
- Produces identical cells
- diploid
- occurs all the time
- body cells
- no sex
- diploid
13
Q
Name some facts about meiosis:
A
- Sex needed
- produces unique cells
- happen only at a certain time
- sperm and egg cells
- haploid outcome
- only dipolid cells can undergo meiosis
14
Q
How does mitosis work ?
A
- replication of diploid chromosomes (1 chromosome pair)
- metaphase -> early stage of split up
- anaphase late split up phase
- two cells with identical chromosomes
- > DRAW
15
Q
How does meiosis work ?
A
- replication of 2 chromosome pair
- metaphase1 small and small pair up
- anaphase 1 exchange one arm
- metaphase 2 earlly split up (looks like two)
- anaphase 2 late spliz up looks like 4
- four diff cell all unique
- > DRAW
16
Q
Who discovered DNA ?
A
Franklin, Watson, crick wilikinks
17
Q
What is the central dogma of DNA ?
A
- Replication (nucleus)
- Transcription (nucleus)
- Splicing (nucleus)
- Translation
(Ribosome)
-> Creating a protein out of amino acids
- From genotype to phenotype -> wrong
18
Q
How does replication work on leading strang ?
A
- > specific starting sequence of nucleotides
- Helicase splits DNA
- Leading strand (5 to 3 prime) polymerath 3 compliments the missing bases
19
Q
How does Transcription work ?
A
- inside RNA polymerase
- DNA into RNA language so T get translated to U
- Still exist out of exons and introns
- Template strand used to make copy of non-template strand
20
Q
How does splicing work ? And what is alternative splicing ?
A
- Introns are pushed out
- Alternative splicing: when not only introns are pushed out but also some exons to create diff proteins later
21
Q
How does translation work ?
A
- mRNA to amino acid
- 3 bases = 1 codon = 1 amino acid
- tRNA binds to mrna to create the chain of amino acids
- important inside ribosome
22
Q
Why do multiple codons form one amino acid ?
A
- Protection
- > aslo called redundancy
23
Q
What is a genotype ?
A
- determines specific characteristics/phenotype and next generation genotype
- basically amino acid + proteins
24
Q
What is a phenotype ?
A
- A specific charactersitic (blond hair/ blue eyse)
25
What is a purines ?
- have 2 organic rings (A & G)
26
What is a Pyrimidines ?
- single ring (C & T)
27
What is a nucleotide ?
- Nucleotide = base + backbone
28
How does replication work on lagging strang ?
- lagging strand (3 to 5 prime)
1. Primase create primers
2. polymerath 3 can attach to primers and can start complementing bases from 5 to 3 prime
3. Polymerath 1 takes out primers and fills gaps
4. ligase sticks the okasaki fraction
- > okasaki fraction is from one primer to another primer
29
What is the function of the termination codon ?
- Stop signal for translation
30
Waht is the substitution mutation ?
Exchanging one nucleotide pair by another.
| - effects only one amino acid
31
What is a transversion ?
- interchange of purine for pyrimidine
- A -> C/T
- C -> A/G
- > chemicall dissimal danger
32
What is a Transition ?
- interchange of two-ring-purines (A -> G)
- interchange one-ring-pyrimidines (C->T)
- > chemicall similar so fine
33
What is a silent mutation ?
- codes for same amino acid due to redundancy -> nothing changes
- Part of substitution
34
What is a Missense mutation ?
- codes for different amino acid
- may have little but also huge effect
- Part of substitution
35
What is a Nonsense mutation ?
- codon becomes a stop-codon / termination codon
36
What is a frame shift mutation ?
- Insertion = One base added -> everything shifted to right
| - Deletion = One base taking out everything shifts one to the left
37
What is a single gene characteristic ?
- differences in phenotype determined by which allele the individual has at just one genetic locus
38
What is a Polygenic characteristic ?
- differences in phenotype determined by more than one gene
39
Explain the pair bonding in pair voles :
- vasopressin binds to V1a receptor and showes strong activity when bond
- More recptors when bonded
- Microsatellite DNA in front of V1 a receptor gene regulates level of expression
40
Why are cells different ?
- All cells contain the same genome/DNA but some cells just express different genes
41
What is epigentics inheritance ?
- inheritance of traits are transmitted by mechanism which are not directly involved in nucleotide sequence rather by enviorment
42
When does Histone Modifications occur ?
- during transcription regulation (gene expressin or repression)
43
What are histones ?
- proteins which the DNA wraps around
44
What is so special regarding the central dogma ?
- Based on enviormental impact we have a change from phenotype to genotype !
45
What is acetylation regarding Histone ?
- loosing -> increase gene expression
- > replication can start
- > acetyl group (negative) binds on DNA makes it neutralized which creates loosining
46
What is methylation regarding Histone ?
- decrease in gene expression
- tightening
- protein can not reach DNA
- Methylation (positive)
47
What is phosphorylation regarding Histone ?
- loosing -> increase gene expression
- > replication can start
- > phosphat group (negative) binds on DNA makes it neutralized which creates loosining
48
What does recombination mean for mendel ?
- during meiosis paired chromosomes line up next to one another and exchange DNA
- crossover effect
49
What is the law of assormtment according to mendel ?
- genes/allele end up randomly in diff gametes no matter how they are connected during meitosis
50
What is linkage according to mendel ?
- when two genes lie on the same chromosome
| - Closer together = greater linkage (no separate heritage in meiosis)
51
What is the law of segregation according to mendel ?
- when 2 genes reside on different chromosomes they segregate independently - linkage could never occur
52
What does monoamine oxidase a do ? (MAOA)
- enzyme that breaks down serotonin
53
what is the connection between serotonin and antisocial behavior ?
- serotonin is low in antisocial behavior
54
What is the conclusion regarding MAOA and anti social behavior ?
- gene expresiion can impact social/antisocial behavior
55
What is pleiotropy ?
One gene influences more phenotypes
Evolution and genetics
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