1
Q
What is the definition of group selection ?
A
Behaviours might exist because they benefit the group rather than the individual organism
2
Q
What is the level of selection debate ?
A
- If addapation is either good for self or the group, the population or the species.
- For whom does addaption exist
3
Q
On which lvl can addaptation occur ?
A
- Addaption regarding the group lvl and self lvl
4
Q
What is reproductive restraint ?
A
- If To many resources are used then everyone will die
- Conclusion: producing less off spring to lead to more survival of the off spring
5
Q
Is alturims stronger/more competitve then selfishness regading ingroup and outgroup ?
A
- Outgroup comeptition: 2 Groups altruism (10 person all altruism) vs selfish(10 person all selfish) = altruism would survive
- Ingroup competition: (9 alturim and 1 selfish) = Selfish would survive and slowly take over the population
6
Q
What is the conclusion regarding the competition between alturism and selfishness ?
A
- Alturism is not a stabel ESS
- Because the fitness lvlv is higer in selfshness (allele might go to fixation)
7
Q
What does ESS Stand for, and name the defintion of ESS:
A
- Evolutionary stable strategy
- Once it is common In a population it can not be out competed by an alternative behaviour
8
Q
What is the connection between ESS and Natural selection ?
A
- Natural selection always searches for the ESS
9
Q
What is the downside of natural selection ?
A
- Natural selection operates on immediate allelic advantage and does not opperate on a long term “good”
- Evolutions outcome is not always good for the species
10
Q
What is kin selection ?
A
- Parenthood (genetically relatedness)
- investing in the fitness of own genotype if mother invest time in offspring
- apparently disadvantageous characteristic (such as altruistic behaviour) increases without getting something in return
11
Q
What is the definition of inclusive fitness ?
A
- Indircet fitness: supporting other relatives to let them have offspring because they know they share the same gene
- it is about the coefficient of relatedness
- Hammiltion
- Direct fitness: produce own offspirng
12
Q
Name an example of Kin selction within a human organism:
A
- The cells in your body are genetically identical-> investing time in reproducing gametes is just as good as reproduce them self
- That means muscle cells or red blood cells give up there reprdocution to support gametes
13
Q
How does cancer develop ?
A
- If mutation occurs during mitosis and can not be detected and destroyed be the immun system then these mutation would lead to competition wih the original cell cause now there are not identical
- > this creates cancer
14
Q
What is the defintion of true alturism ?
A
- Where the behavior positively affects the recipient’s (empfänger) lifetime reproductive success but negatively affects the actor’s lifetime reproductive success
15
Q
What is Mutual benefit behavior ?
A
- When the behavior positively affects the lifetime reproductive success of the recipient (empfänger) and also positively affects the lifetime reproductive success of the actor.
16
Q
What is the by product benefit ?
A
- By following your own self-interest, you also support the group interest
17
Q
What is direct reciprocity ?
A
- A helps B and later B will help A
- C < wb
- w = probability of the recipient reciprocating(den gefallen erwiedern) in the future
18
Q
What is a precondtion of direct reciprocity ?
A
- cheaters must be punished
19
Q
What is so special regarding punishment ?
A
- you will punish cheaters even if the coast is higher for you and the cheating was not direted to you beacuse
- > punishment is an indirect reciprocity
20
Q
What is indirect reciprocity ?
A
- it might be advantageous to help individuals who we have seen helping others in the past, even if that help was not specifically directed to us
- it is all about reputation !!!!!
- c < qb
- q = is the probability of having correct information about the partner’s prior behaviour.
21
Q
What is so special about indircet reciprocity ?
A
- Most likly only humans use it and because language is the most beneficial mechansim of sharing information
22
Q
What is the defintion of cooperation ?
A
- to let go of the selfish replicator factor (reproduction capability) to help others
23
Q
What is the problem regarding natural seletion and cooperation ?
A
natural selection implies/supports competition and therefore works against cooperation
24
Q
What are the five solutions regarding the problem of natural selection ?
A
- Specific mecahnism such as: kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, network reciprocity, and group selection.
25
What is the defintion of a Cooperator ?
- pays a Coast (c) for another individual to receive benefit (b)
26
What is the defintion of a defector ?
- A defector has no cost and does not deal out benefits
27
Who has the higher fitness regarding defectors and cooperators ?
- > Same als alturims and selfishness
- defectors have a higher average fitness than cooperators
- If there would be only cooperators has the highest average fitness
- If there would be only defectors then they would have the lowest fitness
28
How does tit for tat work ? And to what specific mechanism does it belong ?
- start with cooperation and then do what the other player has done
- direct reciprocity
- it is nice, retaliatory and forgiving
29
What is the tatik "win/stay lose/shift" ?
- If you win you stick with your previous choice and if you lose you switch
30
What is the better strategy "tit for tat" or "win and stay" ?
- tit for tat is good in a society where everyone is a defector
- but when cooperation is established then win/stay lose/shift will win
31
What is Network reciporcity or also called spatial reciprocity ?
- trieng to create a netwoork for example in the neighborhood to let the defector have a disadvantage in the community
- b/c > k
- = average number of neighbors
32
What is the fromula for group selection ?
- b/c >1+(n/m)
- within defectors
- betweem coopertors
33
What does ultimate explanation mean ?
- Why a behavior exist
- Why a trait or behavior is (or is not) selected (fitness consequences)
- population
- phenotype-> genotype
34
What is the Proximate explanation ?
- How behavior works
- `` behavior generators``
- internal mechanisms
- individual
- Genotype-> pehnotype
35
Is proximate and ultimate explanation the same, or are they seperated ?
- They distinct from one another but are also complementary
| - first distigluished by Darwin
36
What is the problem of expaining cooperation ?
- that the explanationa ask for an ultimate answer but gets a proximate explanation !
37
Why do we gain proximate answer even though we want ultimate answer ?
1. proximate explanations are often the desire for research in the human behavioral sciences
2. some terms have two different meanings (ultimate and proximal lvl)
3. international language employed to describe behavior (sets barriors)
38
What is the influence of our past regarding cooperation ?
- warlike path explaines our coopertive nature
| - it came up with parochialism.
39
What is parochialism?
- favoring ethnic, racial or other insiders over outsiders
- Building up moral qualities
- reduces fitness just like alturism
40
What do moral quality leads to according to darwin ?
- hostility “feindsehligkeit” towards outsiders.
41
What is the "forgiven tit for tat strategie" ?
- same as tit for tat but requieres two dischraged then it switches so not just one
42
What did the experiment regarding the visual and earmuffs showed ?
- Becuase of indirect reciprocity and consequences
- having the visual eyes gone had the higehest decrease in proscocial behavior
- Earmuffs also had an decrease effect but not as much
- combination showed the highest decrease
43
Name some additional strategies regarding the prisoner dilema ?
- All cooperate < all defect< Grudger (all cooperare till on defect then switch to defect)
- Tiit for tat got beaten by echo (joss effect)
44
Regarding the matrix of defecters and cooperator what are the outcomes and which are based on cooperation ?
- Alturism: (true cooperation) cooperator/donor= minus and recipient/defector= plus
- Mutual (true cooperation) benefit:cooperator/donor= plus and recipient/defector= plus
- Selfishness: cooperator/donor= plus and recipient/defector= minus
- Spite: cooperator/donor= minus and recipient/defector= minus
45
What is brood parasites ?
- Basicall that the bird from husband looks just like the bird from neigboor
- also present in early baby stages
46
What would be direct fitness and indirect fitness regarding the matrix and of donor and recipient ?
- Direct fitness: Mutual / Selfishness
| - Indirect fitness: alturism
47
What does Eusociality mean and what are the four major characteristics regarding eusociality ?
- Definition: sterile individuals who work to further the reproductive success of others
1. Overlapping generation
2. Cooperative brood care
3. Philopatry
4. Reproductive altruism
48
What does overlapping generation mean ?
- multiple generations live together
49
What does cooperative brood mean ?
- when individuals other than the parents assist in raising the offspring through means such as food gathering and protection
50
What does philoparty mean ?
- remain living in their birthplace
51
What does reprdocutive alturism mean ?
- extrem from of altruism/ most members of the group give up their own breeding opportunities in order to participate in the reproductive success of other individuals
52
How did darwin explain sterility regarding bees ?
- sterility can be carried by some individuals without expression
- those individuals that do express sterility help reproductive relatives
- > so it involves
53
Why was darwins theory not 100% correct regarding sterility and what is now days the main explanation ?
- Problem: Sterile workers of many eusocial species are not actually physiologically sterile.
- Explanation: is kin selection
54
What is the Hamilton rule regarding kin selection ?
- Hamilton rule states that akin-directed behavior can be favored by selection whenever:
- C < rb
- r = coefficient of relatedness
55
What is a free rider ?
- a person who benefits from cooperative behavior by not cooperating
56
What is multi lvl selection ?
- Selection acts on individual organisms, but also on groups
Evolution and genetics
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