1
Q
How does dominance herachies develope ?
A
- limited food and mates to bond
- so you do not want to share your resources
2
Q
How is the rank determined ?
A
- Size
- Strength
- Age
- coalitional support within the group
3
Q
How are rank orders challenged ?
A
- via fighting
4
Q
For who is reproductive succes higer ? Lower or higher rank individuals ?
A
- higher ranked individuals
5
Q
Why are the rankings or herachies not constantly challenged ?
A
- Coast over benefit
6
Q
Who has more stress high or low lvl rankings ?
A
- If stable (high stress in low ranking)
- if not stable (high stress in high rankings)
7
Q
Why is pair bonding so social complex ?
A
- recognizing that individual
- keeping track of where they
- knowing what they are doing
- coordinating one’s behaviour with theirs
8
Q
What is social brain hypothesis ?
A
- maintaining social relationships requires devoted brain mechanisms
- so brain grow due to socialication
9
Q
What are other explanations to explain brain growth ?
A
- reducing of predators via grouping-> leaded to a slower life history -> slower life favors larger brain
- Finding of richer ressources which gave extra energy so brain could devlope more
10
Q
When did the common ancestor diverged between primates and humans?
A
- 80 million years ago
- human is a ape
11
Q
What are some primates abilities ?
A
- depend on vision
- forward facing eyes
- binocular vision
- color vision
- relatively large brains
- primates live usually in trees
12
Q
Name some facts about the gorilla:
A
Two types:
- Gorilla beringei
- Gorilla gorilla
- Herbivores (pflanzenfresser)
- Live on the ground
- knuckles
- Single dominant male multiple females (polygynous)
- great apes
13
Q
Name some facts about chimpanzees:
A
- knuckle walk
- more on trees (arboreal)
- (polygamy) mating structure
- great apes
- 99% similar to humans
14
Q
How do we find relatedness out ?
And given an example regarding chimpanzess:
A
- based on phenotypic similarity
- Based on molecular genetic data
- Chimpanzees related to 99% (seperation around 5/7 million years ago
15
Q
What are hominis ?
A
- hominis are very related to humans
- early hominis were chimpanzees
16
Q
Which hominis showed the first charactersitics of bipedal locomotion ?
A
- Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, and Ardipithecus
17
Q
What is so special about the australopithecines ?
A
- 4 million to 1 million
- showed first addaptation in feet legs hips and entering lockation of spinal cord and skull
- body of a human and skull of chimpanzee
- bipedal locomotion because of savanah (open ground and head
18
Q
What does homo stand for and when was it born ?
A
- sames genus
- 2.5 million years ago
- Homo habilis homo ergaster homo erectus
19
Q
What is the homo well known for ?
A
- brain size (relative to body size)
- stone tools start to appear
- full modern bipedalism
- high mobility
- depend on meat
20
Q
Which new form of hominin appear 0,8 million year ago ?
A
- archaic H. sapiens
21
Q
What is the archaic H. sapiens well known for ?
A
- brain really large
- body is large
- more complex stone tools
- one brach is the Neandertha
22
Q
When did the Neandertha live ?
A
- 300,000 year ago till 30,000 years ago
23
Q
What is so special about the homo sapiens ?
A
- 200,000 years, with the oldest dates in Africa Fossils
- anatomically modem humans
- new species which replaced the other livings hominis without inbreeding
24
Q
Timeline of homo sapiens:
A
- Middle East by 100,000 years ago
- Asia and Australasia by 60,000
- Europe by 30,000 years ago
25
Name the three evidence that the homo sapiens replaced other species without inbreeding:
- Morphology; All AMH look just like each other
- Genetics of living humans
- Neanderthal DNA nothing in common
26
What was so special about the Pleistocene age ?
- switch from warm to cold pretty fast) + wet climates
| - glacial periods+ tropics became relatively arid
27
What was so special about the holocene age ?
- warm period, starting 10,000 years ago
- 95% of that period lived still as hunter
- but Agriculture (landwirtschaft), metalworking, towns, and cities -> now
28
What are the striking differences between humans and other species ?
1. Bipedalism
2. meat eating
3. tool use
4. brain size
5. life history
6. learning
7. language
29
Why is meat eating so key ?
- Humans are omnivores (allesfresser + animal products)
- guts reduced because guts and brain need metabolical tissue so brain could increase
- and guts were not neccesary cuase nutrients are easier to get from meat
30
Why is the tool use so key for humans ?
- variety and complexity is only found human weapons
- 2.5 million years ago
- weird that brain size did not increase when weapon came first up
- depndt on them
31
Why is life history so key for humans ?
- childhood is very long
- because larger brain but still same birth canal so more childhood (rapid brain growth period)
- cost of offspring much higer for humans but we have collectivity
32
Why is learning so key ?
- humans learn more then any other species
- This makes us perfectly adaptable to many environments but can only be achieved via long ife, long youth, collectivity
- it is innate and it is about the enviormental changes
33
Why is language so key ?
- Unlimited regarding meaning (combination of words)
- It allows reference to things that are not present
- mutation to a gene called FOXP2 created lang.
- gossip
34
What was the genes name which was identified as the gene for brain growth ? And when did it arose ? And who has it ?
- ARHGAP11B
- 5 million years ago
- modern humans Neanderthals + mysterious Denisovans
35
What does the ARHGAP11B do ?
- it increased brain size as well there brain started to fold to fit more in the skull
- Increases neuron in neocortex
36
Why is ARHGAP11B not the key for intellgence ?
- because intellegnece might be cause by a combination of 56 genes
37
What does also lead to a bigger brain accodring to the second supp doc ?
- Diet: Only fruits / leaves (blätter)-> leads to more energy
38
What was dunba and Wrangham perspective of diet and brain size ?
- Diet and SBH are complementary
| - diet allowed and did not drive brain size
39
What was DeCasien explanation for bigger brains ?
- Fruit is rare and not easy to find so we need more complex thinking/cognitive challenging which developed our brain compared to leaves
- ecological hypothesis
40
What is the culture intellegence hypothesis ?
- we have cognitive skills which primates do not have when we are born
- which gives us the ability to creat praticipate exhange in different cultural groups
- faster memory, faster learning, faster perceptual processing, etc.
- physical skills are equal
41
What is the adapted intellgence hypothesis ?
- coggnitive abilities evolve in response to relatively specific environmental challenges
42
What is the General intelligence hypothesis ?
- human are more intellegent then primates with no differences between physical and social cognition -> because of larger brain
43
What were the findings of the The Primate Cognition Test Battery (PCTB) ?
- cognitive skills for social world was diff = advantage for humans
- cognitive skill for physical world was equal
- > Conclusion cultural intellegence hypothesis is correct
44
What did richard owen find which Huxley falsify ?
- Hippocampus minor -> a part in the brain which no other species had
45
Do human have the largest realtive brain size ?
- No they do not
| - mouse lemur (has the largest)
46
What is the formula for predictable relationship between brain and body size in mammals ?
- C(W)^k
- W= body weight
- C= brain weight
- k= is how the brain scales with increasing body size
47
What were some majore findings regarding relationship between brain and body size ?
- human brains are about three times larger then expected for brain hypothesies
48
What is the encephalisation quotients EQ and what is there formula ?
- departure of brain size
| - EQ Formula = Actual brain weight / brain weight predicted from allometric lines
49
What are the energetic demands of the brain ?
-2 per cent of body mass but consumes about 20 per cent of all energy (Same as heart)
50
What is the expensive tissue hypothesis ?
- increases in the brain size of hominins must have been balanced by a reduction in the demands of other organs
- Gut size was the trade off
- part of ecological theory
51
What was the arboreal theory ?
- moving and feeding on land and in trees required stereoscopic vision and dextrous hands
- > need more coordination and control = larger brain
52
What did milton Kaplan and Gangestad conclude regarding larger brain ?
- they showed that diet which are more difficult to gain might lead to a more complex society and this leades to a larger brain -> ecological explanations
53
What was wrong about the corelation of brain growth and complexity of tools ?
- General idea: more complex tools would require larger brains
- 300,000 years ago rapid brain growth but toll development stayed the same
54
What was Holloways idea regarding larger brain growth?
- the advantages to be gained from accurate throwing may have stimulated brain growth
55
Why did the brain grow larger then the minimum size required to stay alive ? (old answer)
1. Life history traits
2. metabolic rates
3. longer development, 4. ecological ->
larger brain = larger home ranges (remembering location/ mapping)
56
Why did the brain grow larger then the minimum size required to stay alive ? (new answer)
Machiavellian Intelligence hypothesis-> laiter SBH-> its about qualitve complex socialisation ! -> such as pairbonding
57
On a Microneurobiology perspective what is imporant for brain growth ?
1. oxytocin/ vasopressin
2. mirror neurons
3. GLUD2+(ASPM) +HAR 1 (cortical exapnsion)+ SRGAP (learning) + Foxp 2 speech production
4. microcephalin
58
What is Allometry ?
- study of the relationship of body size to shape, anatomy, physiology & finally behaviour
59
What is homology / homologous evolution ?
Similarity resulting from common ancestry
60
What is Convergent evolution ?
- convergent evolution is the process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments.
61
What are some features of old world monkeys ?
- live in africa asia
- larger (140 species)
- brain bigger
- smaller tail
62
What are some features of new world monkeys ?
- Asia/america
- smaller animals
- more times in tree
- smaller brain
- longer flexibel tail
- 120 species
63
What is the different between SBH and the cultural intelligence hypothesis ?
- the Cultural Intelligence Hypothesis is an extencion to the SBH
- The SBH does not explain the social domain it just assumes it is that way
64
What are the social and physical domains in the experiment regarding cultural intellegence hypothesis !
- social domain: Social learning, communiction, Theory of mind
- physical domain : space, quantities and causality
65
What is the difference between the Machiavellian Intelligence hypothesis and the SBH ?
- Machiavellian Intelligence hypothesis is basically the founder it was just connected to manipulation and also to herachy
66
How does the SBH work out for non primates and primates ? ?
- Long term bonding for non primates
| - For primates it is about quantative !!!!
67
What is the major different according to human and other brains regarding neurons ?
- 98% in cerebellum but we have
| - we have 16 billion neurons in the neo cortex
68
What is the connection between humans and the ecological hypothesis regarding brain growth ?
- human collected food which was more difficult to gain so they needed more complexity -> larger brain
- Tech Revo 1: tools 2.Fire 3. Agriculture
Evolution and genetics
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