1
Q
who is hippocrates?
A
- “father of medicine”
- emotion and though located in the brain
2
Q
what did Aristotle claim?
A
claimed that the human psyche was part of our body
3
Q
What did Wilhem Wundt known for?
A
- father of psychology
- the first psychology lab
4
Q
What did William James create?
A
the first psychology textbook
5
Q
behaviourhism
A
observable behaviour is the best target of the study
6
Q
humanistic psychology
A
subjective experience still matters for understanding humans
7
Q
cognitive psychology
A
brains are information processors
8
Q
neuroscience
A
we can learn directly from the brain itself
9
Q
what are the 4 shared values of all psychologies?
A
- theory-driven
- empirical
- multi-level
- contextual
10
Q
bias
A
distorted beliefs based on a person’s subjective sense of reality
11
Q
hypothesis
A
a general statement about the way variables relate that is objectively falsifiable
12
Q
variable
A
condition, event, or situation that is studied that must be operationalized
13
Q
independent variable (IV)
A
the variable you manipulate
14
Q
dependent variable
A
the variable you measure
15
Q
operational definition
A
how we decide to measure a variable
16
Q
population
A
the entire group that is of interest to researchers
17
Q
sample
A
a portion of the population that is selected for the study
18
Q
descriptive research
A
studies a relationship between variables without specifying a causal relationship
19
Q
experimental research
A
controlled observation where researchers manipulate the presence of the independent variable to see its effect on the dependent variable
20
Q
experimental group
A
the group exposed to the IV
21
Q
control group
A
the group that isn’t exposed to the IV
22
Q
developmental psychology
A
how behaviour & mental processes change over time
23
Q
cross-sectional design
A
compares groups of different-aged people to one another at a single point in time
24
Q
longitudinal design
A
studies the same group of individuals over multiple time points
25
cohort-sequential design
looks at both how individuals from different age groups compare to one another and follow them over time
26
nature
our genetic inheritance
27
nurture
the environment and our experiences
28
maturation
the unfolding of development in a particular sequence and time frame
29
epigenetic
changes in gene expression that are independent of the DNA sequence of the gene
30
qualitative
= stages
31
quantitative
continuous change
32
genes
basic building blocks of our biological inheritance
33
deoxyribonucleic acid
molecules that contain genetic information
34
chromosomes
strands of DNA (46)
35
allele
variation of a gene
36
homozygous
both parents contribute the same genetic material for a particular trait
37
heterozygous
parents contribute two different alleles to offspring
38
genotype
a person's genetic inheritance
39
phenotype
the way genes are expressed & their observed characteristics
40
dominant trait
expressed in the phenotype regardless of whether the genotype is homozygous
41
recessive trait
expressed in the phenotype only if the genotype is homozygous
42
codominance
a phenotype expressing both traits that are coded for by a heterozygous genotype
43
germinal period
ovulation to implantation (0-2 weeks)
44
zygote
an egg fertilized in the fallopian tube
45
embryo
all major organs develop during this time
46
fetus
rapid growth
47
teratogen
any agent of substance that can cause birth-defects
48
proximodistal
growth from the inside out
49
cephalocaudal
growth from the top down
50
synapses
point where information is transmitted between two neurons
51
synaptic pruning
the loss of unnecessary connections between two neurons
52
myelination
the development of fatty deposits on neurons that allow electric impulses to pass through neurons more efficiently
53
rooting reflex
helps infant began feeding
54
grasping reflex
allows infant to hold on to care giver for safety
55
babinski reflex
indicates the integration of the nervous system
56
what are the 4 aspects of Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory
1. Scheme
2. Assimilation
3. Accommodation
4. Equilibrium
57
scheme (Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory)
mental structures we use to understand our thinking about the world
58
assimilation (Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory)
including new information or experiences into an existing scheme
59
accommodation (Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory)
altering schemes to include new knowledge
60
equilibrium (Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory)
balance in a mental framework
61
what are the 4 stages of Piaget's Cognitive developmental Theory
1. Sensorimotor Stage
2. Pre-operational Stage
3. Concrete Operational Period
4. Formal Operational Stage
62
sensorimotor stage
learning through senses
63
object permanence
the understanding that objects exist even when not seen
64
pre-operational stage
when a child begins to develop ideas in the external world and work with them in their minds
65
egocentrism
inability to take perspective of another person
66
conservation
the understanding that certain properties of an object remain the same despite changes in the appearance
67
concrete operational stage --> operations
children develop the ability to hold an idea in their minds and mentally manipulate it
68
formal operational stage
children achieve the ability to use hypothetical deductive reasoning and abstract thought
69
information processing theory
the study of how children learn, remember, organize, and use information from their environment
70
scaffolding (the role of parents)
--> Lev Vygotsky - Socio-Cultural Theory of Leaning in Children
developmental adjustments that adults make to give children the help they need
71
Zone of proximal development (the role of parents)
--> Lev Vygotsky - Socio-Cultural Theory of Leaning in Children
the gap between what a child could accomplish alone and what a child can accomplish with the help of others
72
what are the 4 parenting styles? what do they mean?
1. authoritative = warm & sensitive
2. authoritarian = cold & rejecting
3. permissive = accepting but inattentive
4. uninvolved = emotionally detached & depressed
73
what are the 3 stages of Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development?
1. Pre-conventional
2. Conventional
3. Postconventional
74
what are the types of attachment and the babies reactions? (strange situation test)
1. Secure --> Infant is upset when mom leaves and happy when she returns
2. Anxious/avoidant --> indifferent when mother leaves and when she returns
3.Anxious/ambivalent/resistant --> strong reaction to mother's absence, mixed emotions at reunion
4. Disorganized/disoriented --> mixture of avoidant and resistant behaviours
75
phoneme
the smallest unit of sound in a language (individual sound)
76
language production
the structured & conventional expression of thoughts through words
77
phonology
the study of how individual sounds or phonemes are used to produce language
78
phonetics
the study of the physical production of speech sounds
79
morpheme
the smallest units of a language that convey meaning
80
semantics
the study of the meaning of words
81
lexical meaning
dictionary meaning of a word
82
syntax
the system for using words and word order to convey meaning
83
pragmatics
the practical aspects of language usage
84
telegraphic speech
simple (two-word) sentences
85
pre-vocal learning
babies distinguish all phonemes that they will use later on
86
what did Skinner theorize about language?
language is entirely learned
87
what did Chomsky theorize about language?
children are genetically programmed at birth to learn language
88
critical period
a window of time when certain influences are necessary for appropriate formation of the brain
89
sensitive period
a point in development when the brain is more susceptible to influences
90
overregularization
how children apply things they've learnt --> thinked instead of thought
91
broca's area
critical for speech production
92
agrammatism
damage to the brain that results in a person's incapability of using words in grammatical sequence
93
broca's aphasia
damage to broca's area where a person is unable to produce coherent speech
94
wernicke's area
critical for language comprehension
95
wernicke's aphasia
damage to wernicke's area where a person cannot understand language (fluent but disoriented speech)
96
can thought be automatic or controlled?
both
97
automatic processing
effortless, not disrupted
98
controlled processing
effortful; relies on a limited capacity system
99
cognitive control
the ability to direct thought in accord with one's intentions
100
executive function
the brain's ability to control and manage the mental processing of information
101
dysexecutive syndrome
impairments in the ability to control and direct mental activities
102
3 steps to defining a problem
1. define your current state
2. define your goal
3. determine the difference
103
3 strategies to problem solving
1. algorithm
2. heuristic
3. insight
104
algorithm
(strategy to problem solving)
step-by-step procedure that always leads to a solution
105
heuristic
(strategy to problem solving)
shortcut to solving problems; doesn't guarantee a solution
106
insight
(strategy to problem solving)
sudden realization of answer
107
working backward
starts with a solution and works backward through the problem
108
forming subgoals
divide a larger problem into smaller ones and accomplish a series of sub-goals
109
searching for analogies
apply a solution used for a past problem to a current similar problem
110
what are the 3 mental stumbling blocks to solving problems?
1. mental set
2. functional fixedness
3. confirmation bias
111
mental set
using the same strategies that have worked in the past
112
functional fixedness
tendency to view objects as having only one function
113
confirmation bias
looking for information that meets our expectations
114
what are the 2 decision making biases?
1. representativeness heuristic
2. availability heuristic
115
representativeness heuristic
the assumption that individuals share characteristics of the category of which they are a member
116
availability heuristic
judging easily-recalled events as more common
psyc 102
flashcards
Decks in class (4)
# Cards
