IPM is more difficult with ornamentals because…
- more hosts
- more pests
if you know ____, you can ID pest on ornamentals
- plant
- damage
symptoms:
what is caused by insect feeding
signs:
evidence of insect on plant
ex. cast skin, wounds, mucus material
must know ___ and ___ in area for IPM
- key plants
- key pests
biggest thing is to ___
Monitor
many species have ___
multiple insecticide resistances
insects with chewing mouth parts:
- defoliators
- skeletonizers
- shot holers
- notchers
- borers
- leaf rollers
- leaf crumplers
- leaf miners
insects with piercing and sucking mouthparts:
- cause water and nutrient stress
- cause cupping
- leaf curl and twist
- can inject toxin that is translocated
insects that make galls:
- saliva changes growth pattern of plant
- grows up and surrounds insect
- gall acts as nutrient sink
- have characteristic shapes (know plant and gall shape plus where it is on plant to ID pest)
there has become more of an emphasis on…
microbial and botanical insecticides
with microbial and botanical insecticides vs synthetic insecticides
leaf buds and flower buds are susceptible to burning with synthetics
__ and __ do not burn
microbial and botanical insecticides
Botanical insecticides:
- deteriorate with UV light
- act rapidly and quick knock-down
- strong antifeedants
- organic/natural/safe to mamals
- low phytotoxicity (no plant burn)
pyrethrum =
- botanical insecticide
- extract of dried flower head of chrysanthemums
- 6 pyrethrins in crystals (each has insecticide activity)
- works on nervous system
- antifeedant
- low mammal toxicity
- cats are effected by it
buy pyrethrum with ___
PBO (piperonyl butoxide)
PBO =
piperonyl butoxide
- cynergist that increases toxicity
- use less with better coverage
Rotenone =
- buy with PBO
- anti-feedant
- inhibits cellular respiration
- highest mammalian toxicity of botanicals but still relatively low
2 forms of rotenone
- dried root of the deeris plant
- extract
neem =
- long used in orient (leaves for deworming mammals)
- extremely fast anti-feedant
- lowers egg production
- bio-neem and aza-neem
insecticidal soaps
- potassium or sodium salts of fatty acids
- Safer Sope or M-Pede
- gets on epicutical and into respiratory system
2 types of oils
- light horticultural oils
- heavy horticultural oils
used to control fungal pathogens as well
microbials
B.t.- effective on soft bodied insects but require the right cry
B.p. - causes milky white disease and good for establishment in soil for white grub control
Beauvaria Bassianna- fungus for control of molecrickets and billbugs (must have hot and humid environment)
pheremones
- many companies push these
- only used in very small area
- very expensive
- tells when certain pest is active in an area
- can detect “exotic” pests
