1
Q
areas in frontal lobe
A
Primary motor, premotor and prefrontal areas, supplementary areas
2
Q
prefrontal areas associated w executive functions
A
dorsolateral & orbitofrontal
- these are executive function areas **
3
Q
definition of executive functions from textbook
A
control systems that implement different behavioural strategies in response to both external and internal cues
- an extensive variety of functions
4
Q
is frontal damage likely to produce impairment to all executive functioning
A
NO
5
Q
are all patients w frontal lobe damage the same
A
no, lots of variability
6
Q
SLIDE 34
A
7
Q
the case of phineas gage shows which FL symptom
A
Impaired social behaviour and changes in personality
8
Q
etiologies that can affect frontal lobr functions
A
- Direct FL lesions (e.g., TBI, stroke, AD & other degenerative conditions)
- Lesions to subcortical areas that project to FL (e.g., stroke, PD, HD)
9
Q
what is perception
A
Cognition arising from the activity of sensory association areas beyond the primary sensory cortex.
10
Q
organization of sensory systems
A
- Primary to Secondary
- Secondary areas perform perceptual functions
- Modality specific
11
Q
what are agnosias
A
partial or complete inability to recognize sensory stimuli
12
Q
agnosias typically affect a __________ sensory system (vision, audition, etc)
A
single
13
Q
what is agnosia NOT explained by
A
a defect in primary sensory processes or reduced alertness
14
Q
visual associative agnosia
A
Difficulty recognizing objects visually despite intact vision (i.e., shape, size, colour of objects are seen)
15
Q
visual associative agnosia usually results from
A
occipital and/or posterior temporal damage, often bilateral
16
Q
external cues
A
context, social environment, etc.
17
Q
internal cues
A
emotions, knowledge of yourself, etc.
18
Q
major executive functioning problems from FL damage
A
less divergent thinking (thinking broadly), environmental control of behaviour, poor temporal memory, impaired social behaviour (pragmatics), etc.
19
Q
what does temporal memory mean
A
planning things in time, mental timeline
20
Q
phineas gage is an example of
A
impaired social behaviour and changes in personality
21
Q
phineas gage injury
A
a rod through the prefrontal area
22
Q
what was phineas gage like after injury
A
immature, child-like
left his family, innappropriate in what he did and said
23
Q
test of verbal fluency
A
told to write down 4 letter s and c words
- EF damage: loss of behavioural spontaneity; low production and motivation, don’t care, can’t follow the rules
24
Q
behavioural inertia
A
general apathy towards life
25
wisconsin card sorting task
cards of diff numbers, shapes, and colours
- told to sort new cards to the pile it "matches", not told which characteristic to sort by
- after its placed, the interviewer says it was right or wrong
- they'll try a different one, and the interviewer will say that's right, and people will go on w that strategy
- every 10 they switch which is right, colour, shape, or number. typical people will adjust the strategy accordingly
- FL problems -> they cannot change their strategy, Poor strategy formation/problem solving, loss of response inhibition. will do the same thing while being told no over and over
- perseveration = stuck
26
etiologies that can affect FL function
direct lesions - TBI, stroke, alzheimers, other degenerative condiitons
lesions to subcortical areas that project to the FL - stroke, parkinson's disease, huntington's disease
27
which areas perform perceptual functions
secondary areas
28
what do secondary areas do w perception
take physical attributes and link them to what it is, either an object, sound, tastes, etc.
- interpret inputs or organize movement
29
what do tertiary areas do
link them all together, the various senses (ex. what a phone looks like, the ringing noise its making, etc.)
- ASSOCIATION areas, modulate info between secondary areas
30
what do primary areas do
receive sensory input or project to spinal motor systems
31
agnosias is a lack of
perception
32
who do we see agnosias in
ppl w all types of disorders
33
is agnosia a sensory problem
NO, it is a COGNITIVE problem
34
will we see people with a pure agnosia
we will mostly see people with a range of problems, like memory problems and speech problems ON TOP of agnosia
35
people w visual associative agnosia can
describe visual features, copy and match objects, but still can't recognize the object
36
video w prosopagnosia
facial agnosia
- specific just to faces
- he couldn't even recognize his own face
37
what is spatial behaviour
All behaviours with which we guide our bodies through space
38
what is topographic memory
Ability to move from one place to another from memory
39
what are cognitive maps
Mental representations of space
40
which hemisphere plays a special role in spatial behaviour and topographic memory
right hemisphere
41
an example of maladaptive plasticity w spatial memory
our areas for topographic memory are declining because of things like google maps
42
spatial impairments typically result from ____ hemisphere damage
right
43
areas of right hemi involved in spatial memory
occipital areas - visual
- lingual gyrus
- right temporal lobe
- parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus
- posterior cingulate gyrus of right hemi (links up occipital and temporal)
- posterior parietal
44
london taxi drivers study
- high level test for taxi drivers, need to know tons of streets/routes
- look at the brains of ppl who passed
- right hippocampus was significantly larger
- we don't know if this was cause or effect, but in retired drivers the right hippocampus was shrinking, so we think this was adaptive plasticity
45
some himppocampal cells in the right hemisphere act like mini
GPS's
46
disorientation in space is one of the
first symptoms in alzheimers
47
attention is a mental
spotlight (not the same as eyes, its what you're thinking about)
48
definition of attention
Refers to processes that either allow a selective awareness of an aspect of the sensory environment or allow selective responsiveness to one class of stimuli
49
types of attention
- variety of types
- selective, divided, alternating, etc.
50
attention may be specific to a
sensory modality
51
attention is related to
executive functions
52
areas involved in attention
diffuse neural networks involving brainstem (Reticular Activating System), sensory regions, parietal, cingulate and prefrontal cortex
53
what is the prefrontal cortex's involvement in attention
decisions
54
areas involved in spatial components in attention
cingulate gyrus and parietal lobe
55
reticular activating system in attention
in the brainstem, involves acetylcholine networks
56
attention is affected by
many neurologic disorders (esp. TBI)
57
attention deficits are typically
bilateral
58
Deficit of attention that is especially severe on one side of space is called
hemi-inattention or sensory neglect
59
hemi-innattention is particulary common w
stroke patients
60
hemi-inattention characterized by
a failure to report, or respond, or attend to, stimuli on the side of body opposite to lesion, despite adequate sensory and motor function
61
sensory neglect (or hemi-inattention) may manifest in
any modality (i.e., visual, auditory, somatosensory)
62
sensory neglect (or hemi-inattention) often accompanied w
anosoagnosia, not being aware of the problem
63
sensory neglect (or hemi-inattention) usually results from
right parietal damage, causing left-sided neglect
64
is sensory neglect (or hemi-inattention) a visual field problem
NO, it is from failing to pay attention, it is NOT a visual problem
65
difference between hemianopia and neglect
Hemianopia is a visual field defect (i.e., primary sensory disorder), Neglect is an attentional disorder
66
does sensory neglect (or hemi-inattention) affect communication
yes, it affects it profoundly. they can not pay attention to people on the one side, they can't follow a plot in a movie, they can't read books really (either ignore words on one side, or neglect the left side of a specific word)
67
eyes are slaves to the
attention system
68
does neglect tend to improve
yes, as time goes on
69
apraxia definition
Disorder of skilled movement not caused by muscle weakness or other primary motor disturbance (target movements can be carried out in some contexts)
70
apraxia def in simple terms
problems w planning and sequencing, NOT motor problems
- can mix up order of operations
71
apraxia involves ____-_____ motor functions
high-level (difficulties w goals, plans, sequences)
72
Ideational Apraxia definition
Difficulty undertaking a series of movements involving some ideational or planning component
* Individual steps may be performed
* Objects often used inappropriately
73
examples of ideational apraxia
* Person tries to light a candle by striking a match on it
* Person tries to open a can of soup by hitting the can with the can opener
- often affects tool use
74
Ideational Apraxia often results from
diffuse bilateral lesions (e.g., in Alzeheimers Disease)
75
is it easy to distinguish between Broca's aphasia, apraxia of speech, and dysarthia
NO, it is often hard to distinguish
- our prof likes to think of it on a continuum, from dysarthia - apraxia of speech - Broca's aphasia
76
difference between apraxia of speech, Broca's aphasia, and dysarthia
apraxia of speech = motor planning problem, they know what they want to say and their language is intact
Broca's aphasia = language production and formulation problem. difficulty with forming sentences, finding words, and using grammar
Dysarthia = weakness or poor control of the muscles used for speech, physical muscles, NOT planning.
77
simple compare btwn apraxia, aphasia, and dysarthia
apraxia: “I know what I want to say, can’t get it out”
aphasia: Grammar and word finding problems
dysarthia: Muscles can’t produce clear speech
78
apraxia of speech definition
Difficulty coordinating motor sequences of sounds. Difficulty putting sounds in order
79
apraxia of speech usually results from
left hemisphere lesions
80
apraxia of speech often accompanied by
Broca’s aphasia, other forms of apraxia
81
apraxia of speech may sound like
mumbling, mispronunciation, inverting phonemes, sequencing problems
82
are ppl w apraxia of speech aware of these problems
not always, but generally yes
83
do ppl w apraxia of speech have problems w reading and writing
no, just speech
84
left hemi important for
– Production and comprehension of language
– Controlling movement on right side of body
85
cerebral asymmetry means
the different hemispheres are important for different functions, BUT, ****** the brain is a network and it's never one side ENTIRELY *****
86
right hemi important for
– Perceiving and synthesizing visuospatial (nonverbal) information
– Controlling movement on left side of body
87
the right hemi is usually involved in ____ _____ speech problems
higher level
88
More L-handers than R-handers have ______ _________ or ________ representation of language
right hemisphere or bilateral
89
common deficits after lateralized lesions to the left hemi
* Language (esp. production & syntax)
* Verbal memory
90
common deficits after lateralized lesions to the right hemi
* Some linguistic functions (e.g., prosody, pragmatics, high-level comprehension)
* Visual memory
* Visual & spatial abilities
* Some music components (e.g.,
temporal aspects)
91
Site of lesion is as important as
side of lesion - R and L frontal lobes more similar than R frontal and R occipital
92
right and left hemispheres comparison physically
the right hemisphere is a bit bigger and is positioned a bit more forward. these differences are bigger in men than women
93
womens use ____ hemi more; have bigger ______ _________
both hemis more
- bigger corpus callosums
94
there are _______ and _______ differences between men and women brains
functional and structural
95
dominant hemisphere is; non-dominant is
hemisphere that contains language; opposite
96
females more so use ______ hemisphere(s) for language, while men use the _____
both; left
97
tasks that women may be better at
verbal, short term memory, and perceptual detail tasks
98
tasks that men may be better at
some visual-spatial and mathematical tasks
99
we don't know if we are _____ with gender differences or if it is because of __________
born; exposure
100
what bilateral language means for women
they may recover better from stroke or aphasia
101
another example of maladaptive plasticity
tinnitus
102
neural plasticity definition
Ability of brain to change as a result of experience
103
changes from neural plasticity
structural (organization & size of different areas & circuits) and chemical (distribution & amount of NTs)
104
w neural plasticity, networks are
strengthened &/or weakened
105
plasticity accounts for changes in
behaviour, language acquisition
106
neural plasticity can be
adaptive or maladaptive
107
naural plasticity occurs especially in
Ongoing process but occurs especially in development and after injury
108
hemispherectomy
severe epilepsy -> one hemisphere breaks down and shrinks -> remove one hemisphere
- recover well in a certain window, can retain language cause the other hemi takes over
109
hemispherectomy video
- left hemi removed at 17
- retained pretty great language abilities considering
- the right side took over, the right areas that corresponded to the left areas that are involved in language, but they're not as good at it
- AGE LIMIT on surgery
110
ways to remember that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex are involved in executive functioning
DO = DOrsolateral
OR = ORbitofrontal
Executive functioning decides: Do it, or forget it
111
can patients w visual associative agnosia describe features, copy and match objects
YES
112
can visual associative agnosia affect a selected class of items
yes, for example, face agnosia = prosopagnosia
113
what is prosopagnosia
agnosia for faces
5290 - Neuro
flashcards
Decks in class (17)
# Cards
-
Lab video2
-
Org. of the NS 167
-
Org. of the NS 299
-
Neurons58
-
Cranial Nerves14
-
Tricky topics - test 1109
-
Sensory Systems - General & Visual75
-
Sensory Systems - Auditory37
-
Somatosensory27
-
Motor System86
-
Test 3 - Clinical Techniques84
-
Test 3 - Etiologies Pt 184
-
Test 3 - Etiologies Part 259
-
MRI cue cards11
-
Test 4 - general & aphasia77
-
Test 4 - memory34
-
Test 4 - Frontal lobe function113
