5290 - Neuro > Tricky topics - test 1 > Flashcards

Tricky topics - test 1 Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

depletion in what NT is associated w Parkinson’s

A

dopamine

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1
Q

multiple sclerosis caused by what

A

degeneration of myelin sheaths in the CNS

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2
Q

what sides of the neuron is the transmission at synaptic cleft happening

A

pre-synaptic cell: axon, axon terminal
post-synaptic cell: dendrites

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3
Q

depletion in what NT is associated w Alzheimers

A

acetylcholine

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4
Q

at resting, what state is the cell membrane in

what is this maintained by

A

polarized (-70mV)

maintained by sodium potassium pump

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5
Q

where are really dense dendrites, why

A

cerebellum

it has a lot of connections between neurons

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6
Q

the dorsal part of ________ contains which cranial nerves

A

brainstem; sensory

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7
Q

the ventral part of ________ contains which cranial nerves

A

brainstem; motor

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8
Q

are spinal nerves sensory or motor

A

they are all both

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9
Q

what do the superior colliculi do

A

receive sensory input from eye; visual tracking

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10
Q

what do the inferior colliculi do

A

receive sensory input from ear; sound localization

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11
Q

white + grey matter organization in cerebellum

A

white on inside, grey on outside

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12
Q

white + grey matter organization in spinal cord

A

white on outside, grey on inside

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13
Q

white + grey matter organization in cerebral cortex

A

white on inside, grey on outside

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14
Q

tegmentum contains what 3 structures
where is it located in relation to ventricle

A

red nucleus, substantia nigra, periaqueduct

ventrally (floor of ventricle)

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15
Q

what structures are in the diencephalon

A

hypothalamus, epithalamus, thalamus

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16
Q

what are basal ganglia, where are they located

A

group of nuclei

at base of forebrain, above midbrain

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17
Q

areas in basal ganglia

A

putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus

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18
Q

what part of the brain is the “relay center”

A

thalamus

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19
Q

condition from damage to cranial nerve 10 (vagus nerve)

A

flaccid dysarthria
- motor speech problem
- slow movements, but understand well and can form sentences

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20
Q

areas in limbic system, whats it do

A

hippocampus, amygdala, septum, cingulate gyrus

emotion, personal memories, spatial behavior, and social behavior

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21
Q

what is red nucleus involved in

A

limb movement, motor control

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22
Q

where does the anterior cerebral artery supply blood to

A

frontal and parietal, near corpus callosum (dorsal mid-line)
- medial and dorsal

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23
Q

where does the middle cerebral artery supply blood to

A

lateral side surfaces

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24
where does the posterior cerebral artery supply blood to
occipital lobe, deep surfaces like midbrain - ventral and posterior
25
ventral root in spinal cord - what types of fibres/info
efferent fibres, motor info
26
dorsal root in spinal - what types of fibres/info
afferent fibres, sensory info
27
where did Broca locate speech
in the third convolution (gyrus) of the frontal lobe on the left side of the brain
28
wernickes aphasia vs. brocas aphasia
wernicke: can speak fluently but speech doesn't make sense broca's: can understand speech, but cannot articulate - broca's accompanied by paralysis of right arm and leg (patient tan)
29
the precentral gyrus is what
primary motor cortex
30
what does somatic NS control
limb movement
31
what does autonomic NS control
functioning of internal organs
32
difference btwn sympathetic and parasympathetic NS's
sympathetic: fight or flight parasympathetic: rest and digest
33
description of dura mater
tough double layer of tissue
34
description of arachnoid membrane
very think sheet of delicate tissue, follows brain contours
35
description of pia mater
moderately tough tissue that clings to the brain’s surface
36
name of large, well defined groups of cell bodies in PNS
ganglia
37
types of functioning that describe the forebrain, brainstem, and spinal cord
forebrain: cognitive processes brainstem: regulatory processes (drinking, eating, sleeping, etc.) spinal cord: reflexive motor functions
38
what is the cerebral aqueduct
a canal that runs down the length of the spinal cord, connects the third and fourth ventricles.
39
are there 12 cranial nerves on each side
YES, so 24 in total
40
medulla and pons functions
control body movements
41
which ventricle are tectum and tegmentum near
third ventricle
42
three main functions of basal ganglia
(1) connect sensory regions of the cortex to motor regions of the cortex, (2) regulate movement so that it is fluid, and (3) are involved in associative learning,
43
2 diseases linked to basal ganglia
huntington's and parkinson's
44
three functional units of the forebrain and what they're associated with
the basal ganglia, associated with motor coordination; the limbic system, associated with emotion, motivation, and memory; the neocortex, associated with sensory, motor, and cognitive functions
45
somatoensation in the ______ lobe
parietal
46
movement is in the ________ lobe
frontal
47
lateral geniculate body (LGB) pathway
thalamic pathway receives visual input and routes to occipital lobe
48
medial geniculate body (MGB) pathway
thalamic pathway receives auditory input and routes it to the temporal cortex
49
layers 1-3 of neurons is what
interneurons, association/integrative areas
50
layer 4 of neuron
input comes in, sensory
51
layer 5 and 6 of neuron
output goes out, motor region
52
what is a dendritic spine
small protrusions on dendrites that increase surface area
53
rostral/caudal is used when what do they mean
when talking about brain compared to other body parts caudal - behind (cat tail) rostral - in front (road ahead)
54
when is anterior/posterior used
when talking about brain locations in comparison to each other
55
where are dorsal and ventral pointing
dorsal - up above head, (dorsal fin) ventral - down to toes, (V points down)
56
in order of most ventral to more dorsal structures in fore brain
amygdala, globus pallidus, putamen, body of caudate nucleus
57
what is a decussation
a crossing of sensory and motor fibers along the midline of the nervous system
58
what divides the 2 hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
59
commissures
connect the two hemispheres, largest is corpus callosum
60
what does lateral fissure do
divide hemispheres into halves (horizontally)
61
remembering dorsal fibres in spinal cord
dorsal = at the door = approaching = afferent = sensory
62
remembering ventral fibres in spinal cord
ventral = vent = exiting = efferent = motor
63
structures in hindbrain
cerebellum, pons and medulla, reticular formation
64
structures in midbrain
tectum and tegmentum
65
structures in forebrain
basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex
66
structures in tectum
superior and inferior colliculi
67
areas in tegmentum
red nucleus, substantia nigra, periacqueductal grey
68
areas in basal ganglia
putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus
69
areas in limbic system
hippocampus, amygdala, septum, cingulate gyrus, mammillary bodies of hypothalamus
70
what is cerebellum involved in
coordinates and helps learn skilled movements
71
what is the pons involved in
respiration, waking/sleeping, and other sensory & motor functions - bridges input from cerebellum to the rest of the brain
72
what is the medullas functions
respiration, waking/sleeping, and other sensory & motor functions - controls body movement
73
what is the reticular formations functions
maintaining general arousal/alertness (reticular activating system)
74
what is the red nucleus's functions
limb movement
75
what is the substantia nigras function
movement initiation and reward-behaviour
76
what is the periaqueduct gray's functions
species-typical behaviour and pain responses
77
what is the hypothalamus functions
interacts w pituitary, motivated behaviour, sexual behaviour
78
what is the thalamus functions
relay center receives motor or sensory input integrate different inputs/outputs and project them to/receive from various cortical areas
79
what is the epithalamus functions
pineal gland (circadian rhythms), habenula (hunger and thirst)
80
what is the hippocampus functions
personal memory and spatial navigation
81
what is the amygdala functions
participate in emotion
82
basal ganglia function all together
functions in controlling and coordinating movement patterns
83
limbic system functions all together
learning, memory, emotions
84
main structures in brainstem
hindbrain, midbrain, diencephalon
85
for cranial nerves, are the ventral or dorsal in brainstem sensory
dorsal = at the door = sensory ventral = vent = motor
86
does brainstem or spinal cord produce more complex movement
brainstem
87
tectum location in comparison to tegmentum
dorsal
88
location of globus pallidus in relation to putamen
medial
89
substantia nigra is a ____ structure
medial
90
____ forms the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle
caudate nucleus
91
what does the thalamus look like in straight on dissection of brain
butterfly-ish in the very middle
92
where is the cingulate cortex
right below cingulate sulcus
93
are hippocampus and amygdala right near eachother
YES, amygdala is just anterior
94
cingulate gyrus and hippocampus spatially
cingulate gyrus curved down, turns into hippocampus
95
cingulate sulcus seperates what
cingulate gyrus and frontal lobe
96
basal ganglia also receives input from
substantia nigra (parkinson's)
97
cingulate cortex functions
sexual behavior, other social interactions, and decision making, or executive function
98
what is the decussation called for motor info
pyramidal decussation
99
where is the reticular formation
inside the pons
100
where is the septum
divides the first and second (lateral) ventricles
101
whats the dermatome of cervical nerves
head, neck, shoulders, arms
102
whats the dermatome of thoracic nerves
upper-mid back
103
whats the dermatome of lumbar nerves
lower back, front of legs
104
whats the dermatome of sacral nerves
butt and back of legs
105
pons is ____ to the medulla
dorsal
106
caudate nucleus is right by
the corpus callosum
107
substantia nigra is right ______ to the _______
ventral to the thalamus
108
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