1
Q
Who is known as the Father of Analytical Psychology?
A
Carl Jung
2
Q
Images and concepts that develop the collective unconscious of humanity, offering a way to understand universal human experiences
A
Jung’s Archetypes
(ex. Self, Persona, Shadow, Sage, Trickster)
3
Q
The unified consciousness and unconsciousness
A
The Self
4
Q
The feminine part of the male psych (empathy, nurturing)
A
Anima
5
Q
The male part of the female psyche (logic, problem-solving)
A
Animus
6
Q
The dark side of one’s personality, composed of repressed memories and weaknesses
A
The Shadow
7
Q
How we show ourselves to others
A
Persona
8
Q
Future-oriented goals is a what approach?
A
Teleological approach
9
Q
The turning inwards of libido; the individual is their main source of pleasure
A
Introvert
10
Q
Melanie Klein’s theory that looks at the parent-child relationship in the early years (the more positive the rt, the better the child’s mental health)
A
Object-Relations Theory
11
Q
Who is known as the Father of Individual Psychology?
A
Alfred Adler
*believed that humans strive to overcome feelings of inferiority and that all people wish for social connectedness
12
Q
How did Adler believe birth order affects personality?
A
1st born- secure, like authority and organization
2nd born- born into more relaxed atmosphere, likes competition
Youngest- pet of family, may retain dependency
Only Child- similar to 1st born, lots of parental attention may result in being over-achieving
13
Q
Means “organized whole;” humanistic framework focused on the here-and-now and integrating self and world awareness
A
Gestalt therapy
14
Q
Disruptions between self and environmental awareness that results in a loss of self
A
Boundary Disruptions
(projection, introjection, retroflection, confluence, deflection)
15
Q
Accepting others’ beliefs and opinions as your own, resulting in a loss of self
A
Introjection
16
Q
Turning impulses inward instead of expressing outward
(ex. self-criticism)
A
Retroflection
17
Q
Lack of awareness for own needs while prioritizing needs of others
(ex. people-pleasing)
A
Confluence
18
Q
Using role-play to explore client’s tendency to project their own feelings/thoughts/impulses onto others to increase self-awareness
A
Playing the Projection
(gestalt)
19
Q
Speaking/doing something to other group members to practice a new behavior
A
Making the Rounds
(gestalt)
20
Q
By completing a sentence/thought, clients can gain insight into their thoughts/feelings/behaviors
(ex. “I feel ___ when ____”)
A
Sentence Completion
21
Q
Intensifying physical movements/emotional expressions helps heighten awareness of underlying emotions
A
Exaggeration Techniques
22
Q
Client has conversation with an imaginary person or a part of themselves who is sitting in an empty chair across from them- helps with emotional release, closure, self-awareness, conflict resolution
A
Empty-Chair Dialogue
*ex. of psychodrama!
23
Q
Client plays out part of their dream in the present moment rather than trying to interpret it
A
Dream World
*dreams actually VERY important in gestalt
24
Q
A verbal gestalt technique where clients take responsibility for their emotions/thoughts/behaviors
A
Turning Questions in I-Statements
25
When a client attempts to avoid a feeling, Gestalt urges them to sit with it
True!
*he believed this was needed for growth
26
The demanding, critical internal voice often demanding perfection and is influenced by social standards
(ex. don't eat the cake it's unhealthy)
Topdog
27
Resists the topdog's demands, often with excuses and self-sabotaging behaviors
(ex. I've had a hard day, I deserve the cake)
Underdog
28
Gestalt's 5 Layers of Neurosis need to be peeled away to reach emotional stability. What are they?
1. Phony layer
2. Phobic layer (fears others will reject them bc of their uniqueness)
3. Impasse layer (person feels stuck)
4. Implosive layer (willingness to expose true self)
5. Explosive layer (feels relief due to authenticity)
29
Theoretical framework that says humans can self-actualize in a therapeutic setting that fosters growth; T must be congruent, display unconditional positive regard, and accurate empath
Carl Roger's Person-Centered Counseling
30
What is the most important trait of a person-centered therapist?
Congruence
aka
your words match your actions, genuine
31
What is the goal in person-centered counseling?
To increase client congruence so clients move away from their real self (who they currently are) and move towards their ideal self (who they want to be)
32
Rogerians do not like diagnoses, giving advice, assessments, the unconscious, and doesn't consider developmental stages
True!
*Rogers believed all humans are in control of their behaviors
33
What population might person-centered therapy not be suitable for?
-Very verbal clients
-Clients wanting a T who gives direction/advice (ex. Asian cultures, very mentally ill)
34
Theoretical framework that examines how our brain (neuro) processes the words we speak (linguistics) and how that impacts our past, present, and future (program)
Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)
35
NLP term where the mind deletes useless info or hides certain memories from our conscious awareness to protect us
Deletion
36
NLP term where the mind can positively or negatively distort reality
(ex. only remembering the positives of a toxic rt; catastrophizing)
Distortion
37
Claims to be able to solve a phobia in less time than it takes to conduct a therapy session
Neurolinguistic Processing
uses
*Reframing
*Anchoring- a desirable emotional state is evoked via outside stimuli (touch, sound)
ex. person squeezes their arm when they see a car (feared stimulus), which elicits an emotion other than fear
38
What is John Hattie's Theory of Self-Concept?
Views self-concept as a multifaceted construct, rather than a single idea; a hierarchical model with a general self-concept at the top and more specific types underneath (i.e., academic s-c, social s-c)
39
Theoretical framework that says personality is driven by various "ego states" that can form a 'life script' that dictates how we unconsciously react to situations
Eric Berne's Transactional Analysis (TA)
*authored "Games People Play"
40
One's personal frame of mind...there are 3 of them and they are similar to Freud's Id, Ego, Superego
Ego States
41
Ego state exhibiting behaviors/feelings of a child under 7yo
(ex. people-pleasing due to wanting to be liked as a child)
Child Ego State
*similar to ID
42
Ego state concerned with moral behavior and exhibiting behaviors/feelings learned from your parents
(ex. being judgmental due to being raised by critical parents)
Parent Ego State
*similar to SUPEREGO
*Incomplete Parent State if parents are dead/were absent
43
Messages we receive from our parents that form our ego states, causing us to make early life decisions
(ex. Early message: "I wish you'd never been born"
Client's decision: "If my life gets stressful, I'll just kill myself")
Injunctions
44
Ego state concerned with rational thought (NOT emotions) that exhibits behaviors/feelings of mature adults
(ex. respectful, healthy rts)
Adult Ego State
*similar to EGO
45
When a T analyzes out of which ego state a client primarily functions from
Structural Analysis
46
Transaction style where the ego states of the people communicating are the same (THE BEST kind!)
(ex. A--A or P--P)
Complementary Transactions
47
Transaction style where the ego states don't match and cause conflict or stall communication
(ex. A--C or P--C
a customer's strict parenting state demands you give them what they want and your submissive child state comes out trying to appease them)
Crossed Transactions
48
Transaction style where two messages are sent simultaneously, one overt and one covert, that usually reveal hidden agendas and prevent honest communication
(ex. boss says, "I have confidence you can get this done, although it will take a lot of checking," and the employee's rebellious child state seeing this as a challenge and thinking, "I'll show him!")
Ulterior Transactions
(aka "games")
49
Inauthentic emotions learned in childhood to replace authentic feelings that were prohibited
(ex. client consistently acts sad to gain sympathy while suppressing happiness)
Rackets
50
A life drama based on unconscious decisions made early in life
Life Script
1. Never Script- person feels they'll never succeed
2. Always Script- person will always remain the same
3. Open-Ended Script- person has no direction
4. Until Script- person can't feel good until a certain accomplishment
51
How a person adopts one of 3 unhealthy roles when trying to resolve a conflict or avoid taking responsibility
Karpman's Drama Triangle
made up of:
1. The Victim- "poor me" mindset
2. The Persecutor- critical
3. The Rescuer
52
What are Harris' 4 Life Positions?
1."I'm OK, you're OK" (healthy)
2."I'm OK, you're not OK" (blames others for misery)
3. "I'm not OK, you're OK" (self-abusive)
4. "I'm not OK, you're not OK" (may kill then take own life)
53
Counseling vs. Psychotherapy
Counseling- works on resolving current issues in a short time
Psychotherapy- works on resolving long-term issues
54
Structured, short-term (12-20 sessions), goal-oriented theoretical approach focused on understanding how our thoughts impact out emotions and behaviors
Beck's CBT
*favors rational thought, socratic questioning, homework, psychoed, core beliefs and T as collaborator
55
One's most central ideas about self, others, and world- a lens through which we experience life
(ex. "I am a failure")
Core Beliefs
56
Underlying rules, assumptions, attitudes that connect core beliefs with automatic thoughts
("If__, then__" or "should" statements
ex. I should give up when life gets hard)
Intermediate beliefs
57
Beck's model of depression that argues a client's distorted thoughts drive the disorder
Cognitive Triad
58
A CBT guided discovery method that uses open-ended questions to help clients examine, challenge, and reframe distorted thoughts
(ex. "What is the evidence for this thought? Is there another way to look at things?")
Socratic questioning
59
Type of CBT that focuses on helping people modify underlying core beliefs as opposed to changing their behaviors (as in CBT)
Ellis' Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
60
How do REBT and CBT differ?
Both address dysfunctional emotions by challenging thought patterns, but CBT focuses on automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions while REBT aims to challenge a client's irrational "MUSTS/SHOULDS" to foster unconditional self-acceptance
61
REBT tool that explains how a client's interpretation (B) of an activating event (A) determine the emotional & behavioral consequences (C), not the event itself
ABC Model
ex. (A) not getting picked for team
(B) I'm a terrible player
(C) feeling sad, giving up
it is our belief that we are a bad player, not the fact that we weren't picked, that causes our sadness
(D) dispute the irrational behavior leads to
(E) emotional consequence
62
When a client uses too many shoulds/oughts/musts in their thinking
Musturbations
63
A more direct way of dealing with client's emotional states than REBT, involves client performing a written self-analysis
Maultsby's Rational Behavior Therapy
64
Theoretical framework encouraging clients to accept their thoughts/feelings without judgment or trying to change them, aims to help clients build meaningful lives by acting on their values
Acceptance & Commitment Therapy
65
What is the primary goal of ACT?
Psychological Flexibility!
ability to stay grounded in present moment, accept difficult emotions, and take action aligned with one's values
66
Seeing your thoughts and feelings as just that (NOT facts), creates distance between client and the thought to stop client from avoided them
Cognitive Diffusion
ex. Instead of "I'm a failure" say "I am having the thought I'm a failure"
67
ACT technique where life is a bus you drive towards your values, while thoughts and feelings are the passengers (ex. anxiety, self-doubt), who shout, threaten or demand you change direction
(ex. "Not Good Enough Passenger" says you'll fail this new job so just turn back now, causing you to give up on your dreams)
Passengers on a Bus Metaphor
*ACT says to let the passengers be loud and continue driving
68
How does ACT differ from CBT?
CBT aims to change negative thoughts, ACT aims to change the relationship with those thoughts
69
Talk therapy that helps people regulate intense emotions, live in the present, build healthy rts, and effectively cope with stressful situations
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
(Linehan)
70
Skills that teach clients how to cope with intense emotions and stressful situations without resorting to self-harm
Distress Tolerance
*(Temp, Intense Exercise, Paced Breathing, Paired Muscle Relaxation TIPP)
ex. splashing face with ice cold water, eating something really sour
*Tap into your 5 senses
*Opposite Action
71
Accepting harsh reality just as it is rather than fighting it
(ex. the breakup hurts, but I'll take care of myself)
Radical Acceptance
72
What are the 5 steps to Trauma-Informed Care?
1. ALWAYS safety first
2. Choice- honor client's autonomy
3. Collaboration
4. Trustworthiness
5. Empowerment
73
Type of therapy helpful for tic disorders or impulse control disorders (ex. kleptomania, pyromania, trichotillomania, excoriation, etc.)
Habit Reversal Therapy
1. build awareness of the target behavior, including triggers
2. develop a less harmful alternative behavior to replace target behavior (ex. clinching your fists instead of biting nails)
3. Strong support system and practice
74
What is the gold standard treatment for OCD?
Exposure and Response/Ritual Prevention (ERP)
*clients learn to lower anxiety by not performing ritualistic behaviors, therefore becoming habituated to the anxiety so it decreases and eventually stops
75
Family Therapy is important in OCD treatment?
True!
Can teach family members how they are unintentionally enabling the OCD sxs
76
Therapy for substance abuse that helps clients overcome ambivalence and find internal motivation in a fast manner using the stages of change model
Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET)
77
Brief, future-oriented therapy focused on a client's strengths rather than on the problem; asks a lot of questions and uses small, realistic goals
Solution-focused brief therapy
78
Imagine you go to sleep and awake next morning with your problems gone- how do you know it's gone? What's changed?
Miracle Question
79
Moments when the problem doesn't exist or isn't as distressing. What's different?
(helps build confidence and replicate success)
Exceptions to the Problem
80
Rate the severity of the problem on a scale; use throughout therapy
Scaling questions
81
How have you coped thus far?
(identifies strengths)
Coping questions
82
Client asked to observe and note aspects of their lives they want to continue happening; shifts view to solutions
Formula First Session Task
83
What did Carkhuff contribute to the field of counseling?
Scales to measure T empathy, with the higher the rating the more empathy
84
Who is considered the "Father of Logotherapy"?
Viktor Frankl
*his time in a German concentration camp taught him you can't control your environment, but you can control your response...find meaning in the suffering
85
Philosophy that helps clients find meaning in various aspects of their life and values self-actualization
Existential therapy
86
What are the 3 worlds in existentialism?
1. Umwelt (physical world)
2. Mitwelt (relationships)
3. Eigenwelt (identity)
87
Client's internal personal experiences
Phenomenology
88
Behavioral sex therapy
Sensate therapy
89
Type of behavioral therapy created by Joseph Volpe that reduces phobias/anxiety by combining relaxation techniques with gradual exposure to feared stimuli (aka counter-conditioning)
Systematic desensitization
Steps:
1. relaxation training
2. hierarchy
3. in-vitro (imagined) exposure
4. in-vivo (real life) exposure
*DON'T begin in-vivo until client has desensitized to at least 75% of hierarchy items!!!
90
A moderate amount of anxiety improves performance
Yerkes-Dodson Law
91
Act of practicing a behavior in a counseling setting that can benefit a client in the real-world
Behavioral Rehearsal
92
Therapy where client is given a fixed role of a person and instructed to read the script at least 3x/day and to think/act/verbalize like that person
(meant to help clients break free from rigid self-beliefs)
George Kelly's Fixed Role Therapy
93
When client is exposed to feared stimulus (either in-vitro/in-vivo) WITHOUT any gradual exposure
Flooding
94
Uses imagined exposure to feared stimuli
Implosive therapy
95
Theoretical framework that argues clients are only controlled by themselves and their choices; helps them take responsibility for their choices in order to meet their basic needs
Glasser's Reality Therapy
96
Reality Therapy uses what theory?
Choice Theory- all behavior is a choice and driven by the need to satisfy 5 basic needs:
1. Belonging
2. Freedom
3. Power
4. Fun
5. Survival
97
Which theorist is similar to Glasser's reality therapy?
Rollo May's Existential model says we have freedom of choice and are responsible for our fates
98
Glasser argued transference impedes progress and doesn't occur if T is genuine
True!
99
Glasser was against diagnoses because he believed they gave clients permission to act sick and not take responsibility for their lives
True!
100
Being aware of your own cognitions; thinking about thinking
(ex. realizing you didn't understand what you just read and rereading it)
Metacognition
101
CBT approach meant to help clients modify their internal dialogue through 3 stages
Self-Instructional Training
1. Educational Phase (client monitors how their inner dialogue impacts their behaviors)
2. Rehearsal Phase (client rehearses new self-talk)
3. Application Phase
102
Consultation where consultant advises consultee (not the client) but consultant (not consultee) is responsible for the client's welfare
Caplan's Psychodynamic consultation
103
Consultant works with mediator to provide services to client
Triadic consultation
104
Respect is prioritized over empathy in consultation groups
True!
105
T's response is on same level as client's
Basic empathy
106
T's behavior doesn't convey understanding of what's been said
(ex. client: "I'm overwhelmed"
T: "you're just stressed, it's not a big deal")
Subtractive empathy
107
T adds to client's understanding and awareness
(ex. client: "I'm overwhelmed"
T: "it sounds like you're not only overwhelmed but also underappreciated")
Additive empathy
108
Theories the emphasize that realities are socially constructed
Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories
(Narrative, brief therapy, SFBT)
109
A collaborative, non-pathologizing approach that views clients as the experts in their lives, focused on externalizing clients from their negative stories and helping to rewrite them
Narrative therapy
*good for immigrants and refugees
110
Therapy that focuses on what has worked for the client and attempts to achieve significant change in a short amount of time (5-10 sessions)
Brief therapy
111
Changes clients entire environment to help
(ex. inpatient)
Milieu therapy
112
A collaborative, client-centered approach that helps people resolve ambivalence to change and increase internal motivation; change comes from the client NOT an external force
Motivational Interviewing
*good for substance use disorders
113
What are the core skills in MI?
OARS
Open-ended questions
Affirmations
Reflection
Summaries
*GOAL: not to change client, but help them find their motivations for change!
114
What are the 4 processes in MI?
1. Engaging- T is seen as a partner, NOT an expert
2. Focusing- conversations limited to behaviors client wishes to change
3. Evoking- client uses their own motivation to make changes
4. Planning- creating a realistic plan that works
115
Aggressive confrontation, advice-giving and persuasion are NOT used in MI
True!
Instead use Rolling with the Resistance!
Acknowledging & validating a client's resistance to change rather than fighting against it
(ex. You enjoy smoking and aren't ready to quit as opposed to highlighting the negatives to smoking)
116
Any client speech that voices desire, ability, reason, or commitment to change
(DARN CAT acronym*
ex. "I want to stop smoking"
"I need to be healthiest for my kids"
"I bought a gym membership")
Change Talk
117
Cognitive bias where people overestimate personality-based explanations for others' behaviors ("they're just lazy") while underestimating situational influences ("they didn't get enough sleep")
Fundamental Attribution Error
118
Per fundamental attribution error, when the cause is due to internal factors
(ex. failing test because you didn't study)
Dispositional attributes
119
Per fundamental attribution error, when the cause is due to external factors
(ex. failing test because the school made it impossible to pass)
Situational attributes
120
Seeing things in absolutes; black and white thinking
(ex. If I fail this test I am a total failure!)
All-or-Nothing Thinking
121
Assuming the worst will happen, despite evidence for the contrary
(ex. I made a minor mistake at work, I'm going to be fired)
Catastrophizing (Fortune-telling)
122
Assuming you know what others are thinking/feeling without evidence
(ex. He didn't say hi to me, he must think I'm boring)
Mind Reading
123
Believing your feelings reflect reality
(ex. I feel guilty so I must have done something wrong)
Emotional Reasoning
124
Rejecting the positives, insisting they don't count
(ex. I only got the promotion because they were desperate, not because I'm good at my job)
Discounting the Positives
125
Taking a single negative event and viewing it as a never-ending negative pattern
(ex. I didn't get the job; I'll never get a job)
Overgeneralizations
126
Taking responsibility for events outside of your control
(ex. My friend is in a bad mood, I must have done something to her)
Personalization
127
DBT skill that helps clients communicate their needs and set healthy boundaries effectively while maintaining healthy rts
DEAR (structuring a clear, respectful message
MAN (client's tone/presence)
128
How does DBT differ from CBT?
DBT:
- emphasizes acceptance rather than just trying to change thoughts
- designed for those with intense emotions and not a quick fix
- structure- combines group skills training with individual therapy
129
Therapy designed for kids 3-12yo to help them process complex emotions, trauma, and behavioral issues through play; best for kids lacking verbal and emotional maturity
Play therapy
130
How do TF-CBT and play therapy differ?
TF-CBT is structured approach for specific trauma (typically including caregivers) focused on changing thought patterns
Play therapy is a broader, child-centered approach using play to express emotions and process issues
131
Continuum of Care
(least to most restrictive)
Outpatient
Intensive outpatient (IOP)
Partial hospitalization (PHP)
Inpatient tx
Detox
132
Therapy that strives for equality in human relationships and notes that psychological difficulties can come from environmental/political systems not within the individual
Feminist Therapy
*feminist movement helped make clinical services for men more common
