Topic 1 - Communication

Question 1

Topic 1
1. Introduction and Justification

“The _______ in _______ we _______ with _______ and with _______ determines the _______ _______ of _______ _______.”

_________ _________

Answer 1

“The way in which we communicate with others and with ourselves determines the quality of our lives.”

Anthony Robbins

Question 2

Topic 1
1. Introduction and Justification

Communication is a _______ _______ of _______ that _______ _______ _______ use to _______ _______. However, _______ to _______ (2007), “_______ is the _______ in the _______ of _______” because _______ _______ _______ _______ can _______ _______ _______, _______ beings are the _______ _______ who, _______ to the _______ of _______, can _______ _______ _______ and _______, share _______, and _______ _______ _______.

Answer 2

Communication is a necessary aspect of life that most living beings use to convey information. However, according to Pinker (2007), “language is the jewel in the crown of cognition” because although most living beings can communicate among them, human beings are the only ones who, thanks to the use of language, can express complex ideas and emotions, share knowledge, and create social bonds.

Question 3

Topic 1
1. Introduction and Justification

I have chosen this topic because I _______ that, as _______ _______, it’s _______ that we _______ _______ as a _______ for _______, _______ away from _______ _______ and _______ accuracy and _______ _______ to learn English _______, in order to _______ _______ in a _______ _______, not only for _______ _______ but also for _______ and _______ _______.

Answer 3

I have chosen this topic because I believe that, as English teachers, it’s important that we understand language as a tool for communication, moving away from aiming linguistic and grammar accuracy and encouraging students learn English communicatively, in order to function effectively in a globalized world, not only for academic success but also for personal and social growth.

Question 4

TOPIC 1
2. LANGUAGE AS COMMUNICATION

Traeger (19–) defined language as the ___________ _______ ______ ___________ and ________ ____ ____ _____ by _____ of __________ ____ oral-auditory _________ _______”.

Answer 4

Traeger (1949) defined language as the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.

Question 5

TOPIC 1
2. LANGUAGE AS COMMUNICATION

Hall (19–) defined language as the ___________ _______ ______ ___________ and ________ with ____ _____ by _____ of __________ ____ ____-________ _________ _______.

Answer 5

Hall (19–) defined language as the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.”

Question 6

TOPIC 1
2. LANGUAGE AS COMMUNICATION

According to Halliday (19–), language is ___________ a ________ ___ ______ _______, whose primary ________ is not ____ __ ________ ___________ but __ _____ ___________ __ ___________ __ ______ life. From ____ ___________, language _____ __ a ____ to _______ _____, ________, ________ ___ _____, as well as __ _________ ___ __________ __ ______.

Answer 6

According to Halliday (1978), language is fundamentally a resource for making meaning, whose primary function is not only to transmit information but to allow individuals to participate in social life. From this perspective, language serves as a tool to express ideas, feelings, opinions, and needs, as well as to interpret the intentions of others.

Question 7

TOPIC 1
2. LANGUAGE AS COMMUNICATION

Beyond ___________ ___________, language plays a ___________ ___________ in the ___________ of ___________ ___________. Vygotsky (19–) ___________ the ______ ______ of ________, arguing that ________ ________ ______ _______ ___________ ____ ______ (________, ___________ __ _______, and ______ ___________).

Answer 7

Beyond individual expression, language plays a crucial role in the establishment of social relationships. Vygotsky (1978) emphasised the social nature of language, arguing that language learning occurs through interaction with others (dialogue, negotiation of meaning, and shared experiences).”

Question 8

TOPIC 1 - Communication
2. LANGUAGE AS COMMUNICATION

Language characteristics:

• Communicative vs. informative: Language can ___________ ______ ________, but it can ____ ________ ___________ ______________.
• Displacement: Language ______ __ to ____ _____ ______ not _______ in the _________ __________.
• Arbitrariness: There is no ________ ____ between a __________ ____ and the _______ it _________.
• Productivity: Humans can ______ and __________ an ________ ______ of _____ _________.
• Cultural transmission: Language is ______ from __________ to __________.
• Discreteness: ______ in a ________ are ________ and _________.
• Vocal-auditory channel: Language is _______ ______ and _____.
• Reciprocity: ________ can ____ ___ as _________.
• Rapid fading: Spoken _______ are _________, appearing and ___________ _______.

Answer 8

Language characteristics:

• Communicative vs. informative: Language can intentionally convey messages, but it can also transmit information unintentionally.
• Displacement: Language allows us to talk about events not present in the immediate environment.
• Arbitrariness: There is no inherent link between a linguistic form and the reality it represents.
• Productivity: Humans can create and understand an infinite number of novel sentences.
• Cultural transmission: Language is passed from generation to generation.
• Discreteness: Sounds in a language are distinct and meaningful.
• Vocal-auditory channel: Language is usually spoken and heard.
• Reciprocity: Speakers can also act as listeners.
• Rapid fading: Spoken signals are transient, appearing and disappearing quickly.

Question 9

TOPIC 1
2.1. THE COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE

The term Communicative competence is attributed to Dell Hymes who, in 1972 stated that “In ______ to _____ a ________, a ______ _______ does ___ ____ to _____ ___________ _______ _____, ___ he ____ has to ____ the _____ of ___, that is, _____ and ____ to ___ a ________, and to ____.”

Answer 9

The term Communicative competence is attributed to Dell Hymes who, in 1972 stated that “In order to learn a language, a native speaker does not only need to utter grammatically correct forms (as Chomsky thought), but he also has to know the rules of use, that is, where and when to use a sentence, and to whom.”

Question 10

TOPIC 1
2.1. THE COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE

Chomsky (19–) defined language as a “___ of _________, each ______ in ______ and ___________ ___ of a ______ ___ of ________. A _______ _______ has a ____________ _________ of the _______ _____ of ___ ________ which ______ ___ to ____ _________ in ____ ________.”

Answer 10

Chomsky (1957) defined language as a “a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. A capable speaker has a subconscious knowledge of the grammar rules of his language which allows him to make sentences in that language”.

Question 11

TOPIC 1
2.1. THE COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE

Thus, Hymes _______ Chomsky’s notion of _______ with his own concept of _______ _______, and distinguished _______ _______:

• _______ _______
• _______
• _______
• _______

Answer 11

Thus, Hymes replaced Chomsky’s notion of Competence with his own concept of Communicative Competence, and distinguished four aspects:

• Sistematic Potential
• Appropiacy
• Occurence
• Feasibility

Question 12

TOPIC 1
2.1. The Communicative Competence

Systematic potential refers to _______ _______ to _______ _______.

Answer 12

Systematic potential refers to being able to create language.

Question 13

Topic 1
2.1. The Communicative Competence

Appropiacy is _______ the _______ _______ for a _______ _______.

Answer 13

Appropiacy is knowing the appropiate language for a given situation.

Question 14

Topic 1
2.1. The Communicative Competence

Occurrence is _______ how _______ _______ is _______ in the _______ and _______ _______ .

Answer 14

Occurrence is knowing how often something is said in the language and acting accordingly.

Question 15

Topic 1
2.1. The Communicative Competence

Feasibility refers to _______ whether _______ is _______ in the _______ ; although some _______ are _______ correct , _______ are not _______ in the ______ .

Answer 15

Feasibility refers to knowing whether something is possible in the language; although some structures are grammatically correct, they are not possible in the language.

Question 16

Topic 1
2.1. The Communicative Competence

Linguistic or Grammatical competence refers to _______ and _______ the _______ of a _______ .

Answer 16

Linguistic or Grammatical competence refers to knowing and applying the rules of a language.

Question 17

Topic 1
2.1. The Communicative Competence

Discursive competence refers to _______ how to _______ and _______ _______ _______ in order to _______ a _______ _______ .

Answer 17

Discursive competence refers to knowing how to relate and combine grammatical forms in order to achieve a coherent text.

Question 18

Topic 1
2.1. The Communicative Competence

Sociolinguistic competence refers to _______ how to ______ and _______ to _______ _______ given the _______. It also implies _______ certain _______ _______ that are _______ for _______ and _______ messages.

Answer 18

**Sociolinguistic competence ** refers to knowing how to use and respond to language appropriately given the context. It also implies knowing certain cultural aspects that are key for understanding and expressing messages.

Question 19

Topic 1
2.1. The Communicative Competence

Strategic competence refers to _______ how to _______ and _______ _______ _______ during _______ .

Answer 19

Strategic competence refers to knowing how to recognize and repair communication breakdowns.”

Question 20

Topic 1
2.1. The Communicative Competence

The CEFR ______ these _______ into 3: _______ , _______ and _______ _______ .

Answer 20

The CEFR groups these competences into 3: Linguistic, Sociolinguistic and Pragmatic competence.

Question 21

Topic 1
2.2. ORAL AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE

______, written language was often ______ ______ to ______ language, as ______ was ______ for ______ and ______ ______ and associated with ______. Writing ______ for ______ and ______, while ______ was ______ as ______.

Answer 21

Historically, written language was often considered superior to spoken language, as writing was used for religious and bureaucratic purposes and associated with authority. Writing allowed for precision and permanence, while speech was seen as ephemeral.

Question 22

TOPIC 1
2.2. ORAL AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE

Leonard Bloomfield (1984) argued that writing was ___ ________ but ______ a ___ of _________ ________ by _____ of _______ _____.

This approach ________ ________ that speech was ________ ________ ________ than ________ and ________ ________ in ________.

Considered the ________ ________ of ________, it also became the ________ ________ of ________ ________ (________-________ Method) and ________ came to be ________ from the ________ ________ ________ of ________ science.

Answer 22

Leonard Bloomfield (1984) argued that writing was not language but merely a way of recording language by means of visible marks

This approach pointed out that speech was many centuries older than writing and developed naturally in children.

Considered the main medium of communication, it also became the main object of linguistic study (Audio-Lingual Method) and writing came to be excluded from the primary subject matter of linguistic science.

Question 23

TOPIC 1
2.2. ORAL AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE

Oral and written language differences

1) ________ and ________
2) ________ and ________
3) ________ and ________
4) ________
5) ________

Answer 23

Oral and written language differences

1) Ephemerality and storage
2) Formality and planning
3) Grammar and syntax
4) Vocabulary
5) Interactivity

Question 24

TOPIC 1 - Communication
3. FACTORS THAT DEFINE A COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION

Key factors of communication:

1. ______
2. ________
3. _______
4. _______
5. _____
6. ________
7. _______
8. ____

Answer 24

Key factors of communication:

1. Sender
2. Receiver
3. Context
4. Purpose
5. Topic
6. Register
7. Channel
8. Code

Question 25

TOPIC 1 3. FACTORS THAT DEFINE A COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION The **sender** _________ the _______ and __________ its _______ and ______. Effective _____________ _______ on the ______'s _______ to ______ it _________ to the ________'s _________ _________, _________ _________ and _________ _________. Fir example, a _________ _________ a _________ must _________... (_________)

Answer 25

The **sender** originates the message and determines its clarity and intent. Effective communication depends on the sender's ability to tailor it according to the audience's linguistic proficiency, cultural background and prior knowledge. Fir example, a teacher explaining a concept must adapt... (Jakobson)

Question 26

TOPIC 1 3. FACTORS THAT DEFINE A COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION The **receiver** _______ __________ the _______, _________ by _________ ________, _________ _____, and __________ _________. _____ (19--) highlighted that a _____ not only _____ _____ of _____, but _____-_____ competence.

Answer 26

The **receiver** actively interprets the message, influenced by cognitive abilities, emotional state, and contextual knowledge. Hymes (1972) highlighted that a receiver not only needs knowledge of grammar, but socio-cultural competence.

Question 27

TOPIC 1 3. FACTORS THAT DEFINE A COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION **Context** ________ the ________, ______, and ________ ___________ where _____________ ______, framing ___ ________ are _________."

Answer 27

The **context** includes the physical, social, and cultural environment where communication occurs, framing how messages are perceived.

Question 28

TOPIC 1 3. FACTORS THAT DEFINE A COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION The sender's **purpose** ________ the _______ and _____ of the _______—whether to _______, ________, _______, or _________."

Answer 28

The sender's **purpose** shapes the content and style of the message—whether to inform, persuade, request, or entertain.

Question 29

TOPIC 1 3. FACTORS THAT DEFINE A COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION The **Topic** is the _______ ______ of the _______."

Answer 29

The **Topic** is the subject matter of the message.

Question 30

TOPIC 1 - Communication 3. FACTORS THAT DEFINE A COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION The **Register** is the _____ of ________ ___________ to the _________."

Answer 30

The **register** is the style of language appropriate to the situation.

Question 31

TOPIC 1 3. FACTORS THAT DEFINE A COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION The **Channel** is the ______ of ____________ (______, _______, _____, etc.).

Answer 31

The **channel** is the medium of transmission (speech, writing, radio, etc.).

Question 32

TOPIC 1 3. FACTORS THAT DEFINE A COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION The **Code** is the ______ ______ by ______ and ________, typically ________, but also _________ _______ like ________ or ______ ___________."

Answer 32

TOPIC 1 3. FACTORS THAT DEFINE A COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION The **code** is the system shared by sender and receiver, typically language, but also nonverbal signals like gestures or facial expressions."

Question 33

TOPIC 1 - Communication 3. FACTORS THAT DEFINE A COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION The **Real communication** process _____ _____ when a ______ _____ _________ and the ________ _______ it, that is, ____ we are ____ to ______ and ______ _______ ___________."

Answer 33

The **real communication process** takes place when a sender utters something and the receiver decodes it, that is, when we are able to encode and decode certain information.

Question 34

TOPIC 1 3. FACTORS THAT DEFINE A COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION The **Encoding stage**, developed in 19--, ______ that ________ learners __ _______ when they are __________ to _______ a _______ or ____ in a ___ ________. During this stage, learners ____ ______ ___________ _____ and ___________ __________ to ______ meaning. Key steps: 1. _________ the _____________ _______ of the ______. 2. _________ ___________ ________ ____. 3. __________ the ________ ____ into a ________ _______."

Answer 34

The **Encoding stage**, developed in 19--, refers to the process that language learners go through when they are attempting to express a thought or idea in a new language. During this stage, learners must choose the appropriate words and grammatical structures to convey their intended meaning. Key steps: 1. Analysing the communicative purpose of the message. 2. Selecting appropriate language forms to express the message. 3. Organising the selected forms into a coherent message."

Question 35

TOPIC 1 3. FACTORS THAT DEFINE A COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION The **Decoding stage** refers to the _______ of _____________ and ___________ a _______ in a _______ ________. Learners ___ their _________ of __________, _______ and ______ to __________ what is _____ ____________, ___________ __________ _____ and _____________ the _____________ _______ them."

Answer 35

The **decoding stage** refers to the process of understanding and interpreting a message in a foreign language. During this stage, learners use their knowledge of vocabulary, grammar and syntax to comprehend what is being communicated, recognising individual words and understanding the relationships between them."

Question 36

TOPIC 1 3. FACTORS THAT DEFINE A COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION **Bottom-up** processing is _____ on the ___________ of the ________ __________ _____, such as ______, _____ and ___________ __________, which are ________ to _________ the _______ _______ of a _______."

Answer 36

**Bottom-up** processing is based on the recognition of the smallest linguistic units, such as sounds, words and grammatical structures, which are combined to construct the overall meaning of a message.

Question 37

TOPIC 1 3. FACTORS THAT DEFINE A COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION **Top-down** processing ______ from a _______ _____________ of the _________, _________ _______, _____ and _____________ _______. Learners ___ ____ __________ _________ to __________ _______ and ____ ___________."

Answer 37

**Top-down** processing starts from a general understanding of the situation, including context, topic and communicative purpose. Learners use this background knowledge to anticipate meaning and make predictions."

Question 38

TOPIC 1 4. COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES **Communicative activities** are _____ ________ to ________ ________ in ____-____, ________ ________, ___________ the __________ ___ of ________ ______ than ________ _______."

Answer 38

**Communicative activities** are tasks designed to practice language in real-life, meaningful contexts, emphasizing the functional use of language rather than isolated grammar."

Question 39

TOPIC 1 - Communication 4. COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES **Feedback** should be _________, ________, and ________, ___________ _________ and _____ for __________. Students should be __________ to ____-________ and ___________ in ____ ________. _______ and _______, 20--

Answer 39

**Feedback** should be immediate, specific, and balanced, highlighting strengths and areas for improvement. Students should be encouraged to self-evaluate and participate in peer feedback. Morales and Fernández, 2020