When did the PAC split
1959
What were the impacts of the PAC spliting
+ mobilisation of new communities
+Inspired seperate political movements in rural areas
- movement split
Why did opposition to apartheid increase during the years 1960-61
- pass laws led to an increase in opposition as the frequent stops and raids angered BA
- the ANC and PAC inspired new movements that involved more student action
- black conciousness inspired new opposition
What were the causes of the Sharpville Massacre
- large numbers of people moving into Sharpville caused tension (Group Areas Act)
- increased pass raids
- PAC branch was formed in 1959
What were the events of the Sharpville Massacre
- people gathered outside the police station - friendly atmosphere
- the police arrest Tsolo, which causes the crowd to move forward
- the police open fire
- at least 69 dead and 187 injured
- Police fabricated evidence to make the protesters appear violent and aggressive.
What were the consequences of the Sharpville Massacre?
- banning of political parties
- State of Emergency declared on 30th March
- increased repression
- international condemnation
- Wessels inquiry (appointed by gov to ascertain what happened, not place blame)
What other protests happened during 1960
Mpondoland March 1960
Cape Town, 21st March 1960
What led to the formation of the MK
- state use of violence
- failure of non violent methods
- apartheid legislation
- new younger activists
- the breakaway of the PAC
- the example of other liberation movements
Why did SA become a republic
- had been a long term aim of NP and Verwoerd
- Verwoerd wanted to increase his authority over opposition
How did SA become a republic
1960 - Verwoerd annonces all whites referendum
Feb - Wind of Change Speech
Oct - 52% of white pop vote to become republic
31st May 1961 - SA became republic
Who was Macmillan
PM of the UK
doing a tour of Africa
wanted to maintain trade and diplomatic links
hoped SA would stay part of the Commonwealth
What was the Winds of Change Speech
praised SA
emphasised how economy had improved partly due to British investment
Why was the Winds of Change speech significant
encouraged anti apartheid groups
made Verwoerd more determined to create a republic
Why did SA leave the Commonwealth
SA’s commitment to Apartheid rejected by Commonwealth members, SA withdrew application to join Commonwealth
What were the consequences of SA’s decision not to join the Commonwealth
Affected international relations
Pressure from AAM and ANC on UN led to voluntary economic sanctions and arms embargo.
What was Rivonia Trial
Trial of Nelson Mandela and 10 other ANC leaders.
Extensive trial – all avoided death penalty – given life imprisonment on Robben Island
What was the significance of the Rivonia Trial
ANC had to operate from exile - Tambo worked to increase support for & legitimacy of ANC (USSR awarded grants of $300,000 and $560,000)
No leadership left in SA
Mandela made speech (only influential later as gov controlled media)
Leaders of both PAC and ANC were imprisoned
AAM founded in London in 1960
SA excluded from Olympic Games
When was the first self-governing homeland established
1963
What homelands became self-governing
Kwazulu
Bophutatswana
Lebowa
The Transkei
What did the Native Building Workers Act of 1951 allow workers to do
allowed Africans to be skilled workers
What were the consequences of the rising domestic economy
- undermined apartheid (rules were relaxed)
- strengthened apartheid: less anger + more prosperity + police state = little protest
When was Verwoerd PM
1958-66
replaced by Voster after he was assasinated
