When were tricameral governments, a new constitution, and urban councils set up (as part of Botha’s Total Strategy)?
1984
When did violence in Townships begin?
1984-5
When did De Klerk replace Botha?
1989
When did De Klerk introduce the New Course, and what was its aim?
1990
To attempt to maintain white supremacy
When was CODESA 1?
1991
When did a white referendum approve CODESA 1?
1992
Why was CODESA 2 not successful?
Ongoing black on black violence and violent repression by the government
When was the creation of the Transitional Executive Council?
1993
What does CODESA stand for?
Convention of a Democratic South Africa
What did Botha’s Total Strategy include?
WHAM - Winning Hearts And Minds
How was the Tricameral Government made up?
Government with three parts:
White (most powerful)
Black
Indian
Why was there ongoing black-on-black violence?
Different beliefs and aims of different African groups
What was the Sunset Clause?
Any party with more than 10% of the vote will be represented in government for the first 5 years
How many seats did the National Party win in the 1989 election compared to the Conservative Party and the Liberal Democrats?
NP - 94
CP - 39
LDP - 33
Why was the white vote divided?
The extreme Right didn’t like Botha’s ideas to reduce military spending, as this would lead to less protection against the black majority
The Lib Dems wanted more change than the NP was willing to provide
What was South Africa’s political situation like by 1986?
More isolated than at any other time in its history
SA’s foreign policies were responsible for 1 million deaths, 3 million homeless, and $35 million in damages
The end of the Cold War meant the UK and USA now condemned South Africa
How was International pressure important in bringing about a compromise with anti-apartheid groups?
YES: Isolation from the USA and the UK meant a worsening economic situation
NO: Laager mentality meant SA wouldn’t care about isolation, isolation wasn’t a new problem as SA wasn’t in the Commonwealth
What was Botha’s Total Strategy beyond the border?
SA would use its military and security forces to ensure the continued support of neighbouring countries
Enemies of SA were targeted by security forces (eg, Ruth First (white ANC supporter) was assassinated via a letter bomb in Mozambique, and a car bomb targeted white ANC lawyer Albie Sachs)
Army raids on ANC bases in various places (Mozambique, Zambia, etc.)
What changes to petty apartheid were made under Botha’s Total Strategy?
The Mixed Marriages Act was repealed in 1985
The Pass Laws were abolished in 1986
Public parks desegregated
What were Joint Management Communities, and how did they maintain control?
They collected intelligence about knowledge of plots and of local grievances and problems, and brought together police, local officials, and the military to maintain control
How important was Botha’s Total Strategy in bringing about compromise?
YES: BTS included some compromise as part of WHAM
NO: Grand Apartheid remained the same, and Botha didn’t commit to WHAM
What economic sanctions did South Africa have?
Pressure on international companies to stop doing business in and with South Africa
1986 - over 90 US firms closed their SA operations
Banks refused to renew SA loans
How did economic sanctions affect South Africa?
The cost of imports rose by 60% between 1986-7
Growth rates dropped to the lowest in the developed world
Inflation was the 3rd highest among industrial nations
Disposable income for whites fell from 55% to 42.5%, and the white population was in decline
How important were economic sanctions in bringing about compromise?
YES: international pressure meant SA’s economy suffered, SA businesses began to side with ANC (profound change)
NO: SA had remained the same despite previous sanctions
