U4: Memory

Question 1

the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

the process of information into the memory system– ex: by extracting meaning

Answer 2

encoding

Question 3

the process of retaining encoded information over time

Answer 3

storage

Question 4

process of getting information out of storage

Answer 4

retrieval

Question 5

processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions. contrasts with serial processing of ost computers and of conscious problem solving

Answer 5

parallel processing

Question 6

immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Answer 6

sensory memory

Question 7

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

Answer 7

short-term memory

Question 8

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Answer 8

long-term memory

Question 9

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Answer 9

working memory

Question 10

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”. also called declarative memory

Answer 10

explicit memory

Question 11

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Answer 11

effortful processing

Question 12

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as time, space, ,and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

Answer 12

automatic processing

Question 13

retention independent of conscious recollection. also called nondeclarative memory

Answer 13

implicit memory

Question 14

momentary sensory of visual stimuli; photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Answer 14

iconic memory

Question 15

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere,sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds.

Answer 15

echoic memory

Question 16

organizing items into familiar, manageable units often occurs automatically

Answer 16

chunking

Question 17

memory aids,especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Answer 17

mnemonics

Question 18

the tendency for distributing study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Answer 18

spacing effect

Question 19

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. sometimes referred to as retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning

Answer 19

testing effect

Question 20

encoding on basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.

Answer 20

shallow processing

Question 21

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

Answer 21

deep processing

Question 22

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

Answer 22

hippocampus

Question 23

a clear memory of an emotionally significant memory or event

Answer 23

flashbulb memory

Question 24

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Answer 24

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 25

measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

Answer 25

recall

Question 26

measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a MCQ test

Answer 26

recognition

Question 27

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Answer 27

priming

Question 28

measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Answer 28

relearning

Question 29

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

Answer 29

mood-congruent memory

Question 30

our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and the first items (a primary effect) in a list

Answer 30

serial position effect

Question 31

an inability to form new memories

Answer 31

anterograde amnesia

Question 32

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

Answer 32

retrograde amnesia

Question 33

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Answer 33

proactive interference

Question 34

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Answer 34

retroactive interference

Question 35

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Answer 35

repression

Question 36

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Answer 36

misinformation effect

Question 37

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, or imagined (also called source misattribution). along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories

Answer 37

source amnesia

Question 38

that eerie sense that "i've experienced this before." cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Answer 38

deja vu

Question 39

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Answer 39

concept

Question 40

a mental image or best example of a category

Answer 40

prototype

Question 41

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

Answer 41

convergent thinking

Question 42

expands the number of possible problem solutions

Answer 42

divergent thinking

Question 43

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Answer 43

algorithm

Question 44

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgement and solve problems efficiently

Answer 44

heuristics

Question 45

a sudden realization of a problem's solution

Answer 45

insight

Question 46

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Answer 46

confirmation bias

Question 47

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Answer 47

mental set

Question 48

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes

Answer 48

representativeness heuristics

Question 49

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

Answer 49

availability heuristics

Question 50

the tendency to be or more confident than correct; to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

Answer 50

overconfidence

Question 51

clinging to one's initial concepts after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Answer 51

belief perserverance

Question 52

the way an issue is posed

Answer 52

framing

Question 53

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Answer 53

phoneme

Question 54

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

Answer 54

morpheme

Question 55

the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at the first unrelated to the household language; beginning about 4 months

Answer 55

babbling stage

Question 56

the stage in speech development in which a child speaks mostly in single words; about 1-2 years old

Answer 56

one-word stage

Question 57

the stage in speech development in which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements; beginning about age 2

Answer 57

two-word stage

Question 58

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs

Answer 58

telegraphic speech

Question 59

impairment of language, usually caused by damage to Broca's or Wernicke's area

Answer 59

aphasia

Question 60

an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movement involved in speech; controls language expression

Answer 60

Broca's area

Question 61

an area usually in the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension and expression; controls language reception

Answer 61

Wernicke's area

Question 62

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Answer 62

linguistic determinism

Question 63

memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life, based on a combination of episodic (personal experiences and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and semantic (general knowledge and facts about the world) memory

Answer 63

Autobiographical memory

Question 64

type of memory related to future actions. involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some point in time.

Answer 64

prospective memory

Question 65

strategy for memory enhancement, which uses visualization of familiar spatial environments in order to enhance the recall of information.

Answer 65

method of loci

Question 66

repeating information over and over again to keep from forgetting it

Answer 66

maintenance rehearsal

Question 67

making information meaningful by relating it to information you already know well

Answer 67

elaborative rehearsal

Question 68

as your memory develops, it organizes the information you learn into files and then files within files. your memory organizes new information it receives into certain groups, or classes, according to common features

Answer 68

organizational systems

Question 69

memories that are dependent on the place where they were encoded and stored.

Answer 69

context-dependent memory

Question 70

memories that are retrieved because the physical state in which they originally encoded the information is re-created. coincides with mood congruent memory

Answer 70

state-dependent memory

Question 71

the result if incomplete encoding or an error with one's storage system

Answer 71

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Question 72

thinking about and modifying what you've already thought, learned, and perceived. --ex: planning, thinking strategies, critical thinking, creative insights, introspection, self-reflection, interoception (bodily changes), reviewing study material

Answer 72

metacognition

Question 73

the mental representation that we form of the world by organizing bits of information into knowledge

Answer 73

schema

Question 74

one of the slave systems. deals with auditory information. subdivided into the Phonological store, which holds words we hear, and the Articulatory Store/Articulatory Control System, which allows us to repeat words in a loop

Answer 74

phonological loop

Question 75

one of the slave systems. section of one's normal mental facility which provides a virtual environment for physical simulation, calculation, visualization , and optical memory recall

Answer 75

visuospatial sketchpad

Question 76

one of the slave systems. temporary store that integrates information from the other components and maintains a sense of time, so that events occur in a continuing sequence

Answer 76

episodic buffer

Question 77

suggested by Jean Piaget, children learn from using existing schemas that are either accommodated or assimilated

Answer 77

schema theory

Question 78

when an existing schema is replaced

Answer 78

accommodation

Question 79

when you add information to your schema

Answer 79

assimilation

Question 81

when a person's confidence that an event has occurred increases after they imagine it occurring. most often during attempts to retrieve repressed memories.

Answer 81

imagination inflation

Question 83

proposes that retrieval of information from LTM is an active process in which information is reconstructed.

Answer 83

theory of reconstructive memory

Question 84

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Answer 84

cognition

Question 85

the belief that, if an event has occurred less frequently than expected, it is more likely to happen again in the future (or vice versa)

Answer 85

gambler's fallacy

Question 86

improper mindset a company or individual may have when working through a decision. based on the premise that committing to the current plan is justified because resources have already been committed.

Answer 86

sunk-cost fallacy