1
Q
Aorta carries blood from where and to where? is it an artery or vein and is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated?
A
From: heart
To: body
Artery/Oxygenated
2
Q
What is the difference between the superior/anterior vena cava vs. the inferior/posterior vena cava?
A
super/anterior from head/upper body to heart
inferior/posterior from lower body to heart
3
Q
where does the jugular vein carry blood from and to?
A
from: head
to: superior/anterior vena cava
4
Q
where do subclavian arteries carry blood to and subclavian veins carry blood from?
A
arms
5
Q
what is special about the pulmonary veins/arteries?
A
they only veins in the body that carry oxygenated blood and only arteries to carry deoxygenated blood
6
Q
pulmonary artery collects blood from where?
A
right side of the heart
7
Q
pulmonary vein carries blood to where?
A
left side of heart
8
Q
where do iliac arteries carry blood to and iliac veins carry blood from?
A
legs
9
Q
where are veins located in the body?
A
along the surface near the skeletal muscle
10
Q
where are arteries located?
A
deep in the body near the bones
11
Q
what is the function of the carotid arteries?
A
blood to brain
12
Q
how are arterioles and venules similar to arteries and veins?
A
they’re tiny versions of arteries and veins and share all the characteristics except size
13
Q
In the fetal system, which structure is responsible for taking oxygen and glucose to the fetus?
A
umbilical vein
14
Q
What does the umbilical artery transport from the fetus to the placenta?
A
CO2 and Urea
15
Q
The venous duct allows blood to bypass which organ?
A
liver
16
Q
What feature allows blood to bypass the lungs?
A
the arterial duct
17
Q
What causes a blue baby?
A
Oval opening not closing
18
Q
What allows maternal and baby blood not to mix?
A
the placenta
19
Q
What does lymph fluid contain?
A
- proteins and fats 2. damaged cells and cancer cells 3. foreign invaders (bacteria/viruses) and WBC
20
Q
What are the 4 functions of the lymphatic system?
A
- takes excess tissue fluid and sends it to the circulatory system
- Absorbs products of fat digestion into lacteals -> lymph vessels and nodes
- Lymph nodes produce lymphocytes aka WBC
4.Lymph nodes trap and filter bacteria and debris
21
Q
Where does the lymphatic system join the circulatory system?
A
subclavian veins
22
Q
What are the 2 functions of the spleen in the lymphatic system?
A
- Produces lymphocytes (wbc) 2. Stores excess blood/regulates blood pressure by adding or storing blood
23
Q
What is the function of the thymus gland?
A
contributes to the maturation of some lymphocytes
24
Q
What is the function of the tonsils and appendix?
A
helps to remove foreign invaders like viruses
25
What is the function of lymphatic tissue?
produce lymphocytes and stores excess blood
26
What is the function of lymph vessels?
Carry lymph in one direction
27
What is the function of lymph capillaries?
Absorb excess fluid from the tissue
28
What are the functions of lymph nodes?
1. filter lymph fluid 2. produce lymphocytes
29
What is the function of lacteals?
absorb the products of fat digestion
30
What are the 2 steps of infection response?
1. Attack foreign body: travel through the lymph system to the site of infection, monocytes and neutrophils engulf the foreign body - agglutination
2. Lymphocytes produce anti-bodies for every encountered type of antigen
31
What are the key features of the arterial end of a capillary?
1. Blood pressure is higher than osmotic pressure
2. liquid part of blood forced out to form tissue fluid
32
What are the key features of the venous end of a capillary?
1. Osmotic pressure is higher than blood pressure
2. Tissue fluid reabsorbed
33
What does the right atria do?
collects spent blood from the vena cava
34
What does the left atria do?
collects oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
35
What does the right ventricle do?
sends blood to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk
36
What does the left ventricle do?
sends blood to the body via the aorta
37
What are the components of plasma and their percentages?
water 90%, plasma proteins, gases, nutrients, salts, wastes,
38
What are the 2 components of blood?
plasma (55%), formed elements (45%)
39
What is the formed elements composition of blood include?
1.erythrocytes (red blood cells) 2. leukocytes (white blood cells) 3. thrombocytes (platelets)
40
What is the shape, function and origin of red blood cells aka erythrocytes?
round biconcave, carries o2 co2 and H+, bone marrow
41
What is the shape, function and origin of white blood cells aka leukocytes?
variable/amoeboid, immunity, bone marrow and lymph tissue
42
What is the shape, function and origin of platelets aka thrombocytes?
cell fragments, blood clotting, bone marrow
43
How long do red blood cells aka eurythrocytes live? how often are they produced?
120 days. 5M every second.
44
How are white blood cells (leukocytes) and red blood cells (erythrocytes) diferent?
White blood cells larger, white blood cell nucleus, fewer white blood cells. no fixed shape, the function
45
How many platelets aka thrombocytes created?
2B a day
46
What are the 3 key things needed for blood clotting?
prothrobin, fibrinogen, platelets
47
How is blood clotting triggered?
platelets and injured tissue clump at leak, release thromboplastin enzyme, thromboplastin enzyme converts prothrombin (w calcium and pottasium) to thrombin, thrombin coverts fibrinogen to fibrin, fibrin creates lattice, plastin detroys network once repair completed
48
What is another name for antigen D?
Rhesus factor (RH) - positive or negative
49
Example of blood typing: If you have blood type A, where would clumping (not one opaque dot) appear?
Anti-A
50
Example of blood typing: if you have blood type O, where would there be clumping?
nowhere; no antigens to react with
51
What happens if mother is RH- and father is RH+, baby has chance of being RH+?
erythroblastosis: If fetus' blood comes into contact with mom, the antigen D/rhesus factor RH could be considered foriegn by mother's immune system would attack the fetus' red blood cells by producing antibody D; complicate next birth
52
Is there a solution for arthroblastosis?
RHOgam injected to eliminate antibody D
53
What is the shape and functions of the spleen in the lymphatic system?
shape: largest mass of lymphatic tissue functions: 1. produces lymphocytes 2. stores excess blood 3. stores/adds blood to the circulatory system to increase/decrease blood pressure
54
What is the shape and functions of the thymus gland in the lymphatic system?
shape: bi-lobed/smaller with age function: important for the maturing of some lymphocytes
55
What is the function of the tonsils and appendix in the lymphatic system?
removes invading organisms and viruses
56
How are lymph vessels different from lymph veins?
fluid only flows in one direction in lymph vessels
57
what is the function of lymph vessels?
to absorb excess fluid from tissue
58
what is the shape and function of lymph nodes?
oval shaped tissue, filter fluid and produce lymphocytes
59
What is the function of lacteals and where are they found?
Absorb products of fat, blind sacs within the villi of the digestive system
60
Explain the 2 steps in the inflammatory response.
1. Monocytes and Neutrophils engulf foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses 2. Lymphocytes produce antibodies against an antigen
61
What is pus made up of?
dead tissue, cells, dead and living neutrophils
62
What are antigens?
Proteins found in the outer membrane of blood; type of protein found determines blood type
63
What is agglugination?
When antibodies attack unwanted/foreign antigens
64
4 key functions of the lymphatic system
1. digest fat (lacteals) 2.absorb excess tissue fluid (lymph vessels) 3. produce lymphocytes (lymph tissue) 4. filter and trap bacteria/viruses/debris (lymph nodes)
65
What are the 2 key factors that affect fluid exchange?
1. blood pressure within capillary vessel 2. osmotic pressure of the blood within the vessel
66
Where is blood pressure in the capillary bed higher than the osmotic pressure? What effect does this create?
the arteriole end. fluid and 02 move from the vessel to the body tissue
67
Where is the osmotic pressure higher than the blood pressure? What effect does this create?
the venule end. fluid, co2 and other wastes move from the body tissue to the vessel.
68
Where do osmotic pressure and blood pressure equal one another? What effect does this create?
middle of the capillary bed. fluid is exchanged equally between body tissue and vessel. gasses, nutrients and wastes are exchanged.
69
How do high blood pressure vs high osmotic pressure work?
high blood pressure forces fluid out of the vessel, high osmotic pressure pulls fluid into the cells to dilute
70
Where are the atrioventricular valves? What are the names for the left and right side? What is their function?
The valves between the atria and the ventricles. Right: tricuspid valves Left: biscuspid valves. Prevents backflow from the ventricles back into the atria
71
What is the function of the chordae tendinae?
strong fiberous strings the support the atrioventricular valves
72
Where are the semi-lunar valves found and what are their function?
Between ventricles and arteries exiting the heart. Prevents backflow from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle and from the aorta into the left ventricle
73
Where does the pulmonary trunk branch off from? What is its function?
Pulmonary arteries. Receive blood from the right ventricle.
74
What is the septum?
wall that seperates the left and right side of the heart
75
Which is the a) contraction of the heart and which is the b) relaxation?
a) systole b) dystole
76
What is the cycle of each heartbeat in terms of systole and diastole for the atria and ventricles?
15s systole atria, 15s diastole ventricle, 30s diastole atria, 30s systole ventricle, 40s diastole atria, 40s diastole ventricle
77
What is an average heart rate per minute?
70 bpm
78
Which between the artia and ventricles have a stronger and longer contraction between the atria and the ventricles? why?
The ventricle because it needs to pump blood to the rest of the body
79
What causes the lubb dubb sound we hear?
its due to the closing of the valves; first the atrioventricular and then the semi-lunar
80
What does it mean that the beat of the heart is intrinsic? how?
It will beat without any nervous system input. Because the heartbeat is controlled by nodal tissue in the heart.
81
What 2 characteristics does the nodal tissue have that make it unique from other types of tissue?
it has features of both muscle tissue and nervous tissue
82
What are the 4 types of nodal tissue and where are they located?
1. SA node: upper wall of right atrium (ceiling room 1) 2. AV node: bottom of right atrium near septum (floor left wall of room 1) 3. Bundle HIS: passes into ventricular septum and splits into left and right bundles 4. left and right bundles of HIS
83
Which nodal tissue is called the pacemaker of the heart? Why?
the SA node. It initiates the heartbeat and sends a signal every 0.85s
84
What controls heartrate?
the AV node; slows the signal from the SA node so atria can fully contract
85
What is the function of the HIS/purkinje fibers?
stimulates both ventricles to contract from bottom up
86
What do each of the letters in a standard EKG recording?
P - contraction of the atria
QRS - contraction of the ventricles
T - recovery of the ventricles
87
How much blood is in your body?
5.6L aka 6 quarts
88
How many times a minute does the blood in your circulate?
3x
89
How many times a day does out heart beat?
100k
90
What connects the SA node to the nervous system?
the vagus nerve
91
What are the 2 pathway systems part of the autonomic nervous system, affect heart rate?
1. Parasympathetic: heart beats slow 2. Sympathetic: heart beats increase during times of stress
92
Systolic vs Disastolic pressure?
Blood pressure when ventricles contracts vs BP when ventricles is relaxed. Highest reading vs lowest reading.
93
Normal BP reading?
120/80
94
Definition of hypertension
high blood pressure
95
Definition of hypotension
low blood pressure
96
what causes hypotension?
amputated limbs, drugs, hormones
97
what is a con of hypotension?
kidneys can't function properly; not enough pressure to filter properly
98
In the fetal system, which structure is responsible for taking oxygen and glucose to the fetus?
the umbilical vein
99
What does the umbilical artery transport from the fetus to the placenta?
co2 + urea
100
The flap of tissue that acts like a valve in the oval opening is located between:
right atrium and left atrium
101
Which stem cells form red blood cells
myeloid stem cells
102
What condition can result from a potassium deficiency?
haemorrhaging disorders
103
What is the primary function of lymph in the lymphatic system?
absorb tissue fluid
104
What does the antigen-antibody complex result in?
inactive complex
105
Which type of blood cell can travel to the site of infection through the capillary network?
monocytes and neutrophils
106
What are the potential end results of the five harmful habits?
heart attack, stroke. and heart failure
107
In addition to the cardiovascular system, which organs can be damaged by the five harmful habits?
kidneys, bones and brain
108
Where does the left atrium collect blood from?
pulomanary veins
109
What happens in the tissues of the alveoli as a result of a lower than normal concentration of plasma proteins in the blood?
fluid builds up do to low osmotic pressure
110
Bio 12
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