A&P 2 lecture > unit 1 test > Flashcards

unit 1 test Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the endocrine glands and organs?

A
  • pituitary
  • hypothalamus
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal
  • pineal
  • pancreas
  • ovary
  • testis
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2
Q

anterior pituitary

A
  • produces and secretes own hormones

- regulated by hypothalamus and neg. feedback

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3
Q

posterior pituitary

A

stores and secretes hormones produced by hypothalamus, sent from anterior pituitary

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4
Q

what does the thymus do and why didn’t we see one on our adult models?

A

the thymus makes WBC called t-cells to help fight diseases and infections. They are mostly made before birth and will last until puberty

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5
Q

define hormone

A

long-distance chemical signals that interact with target cell receptors.

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6
Q

what does corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulate

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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7
Q

what does thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulate?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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8
Q

what does Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulate

A
  • follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

- Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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9
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • to bone, muscle and organs
  • promotes amino acid and protein synthesis
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10
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • thyroid gland
  • produce T3 and T4
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11
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • adrenal cortex
  • secrete glucocorticoids
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12
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • ovaries and testes
  • growth of ovarian follicle and sperm
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13
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • ovaries and testes
  • ovulation and testosterone
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14
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • breasts
  • milk production
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15
Q

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

A
  • posterior pituitary
  • kidneys
  • water retention
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16
Q

oxytocin

A
  • posterior pituitary

- breasts and uterus

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17
Q

hypophyseal-hypothalamic portal system

A

connect brain to anterior pituitary to release and inhibit hormones

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18
Q

hypersecretion of GH causes?

A

gigantism

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19
Q

hyposecretion of GH causes?

A

pituitary dwarfism

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20
Q

hypothyroidism

A
  • weight gain
  • iodine deficiency
  • cant produce t3 and t4 but thyroid tells it to so thyroid gets bigger
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21
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A
  • weight loss
  • autoimmune
  • too much thyroid
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22
Q

hyper secretion- Cushings disease

A

depresses cartilage bone formation and immune system

back of neck

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23
Q

hyposecretion- Addisons disease

A

deficits of mineralocorticoids, weight loss, dehydration

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24
Q

what are the cardinal signs of diabetes?

A
  • polyuria; urine
  • polydipsia; thirst
  • polyphagia; hunger
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25
diabetes mellitus
- frequent urination - type 1; cant produce insulin - type 2; cant keep up, too much - gestational; insufficient insulin
26
diabetes insipidus
- water imbalance within the body - ADH deficiency due to damage to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary - head trauma
27
water soluble hormones
- need receptors | - second messengers; cAMP and PIP2 calcium
28
lipid soluble hormones
directly bind in the cell and activate genes
29
steps for cAMP
1. bind to receptor 2. activate a G protein 3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase 4. adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP 5. cAMP activates protein kinases 6. phosphorylated proteins are activated or inactivated 7. cAMP degenerates phosphodiesterase
30
steps for PIP2 calcium
1. protein G activates phospholipase C 2. phospholipase splits PIP2 into diacylglycerol (DAG) or inositol triphosphate (IP3) 3. calcium ions act as another messenger
31
lipid soluble steps?
1. receptor hormone complex enters nucleus and binds to DNA | 2. initiates DNA transcription
32
what are the 4 second messengers?
1. cAMP 2. PIP2 calcium 3. DAG 4. iP3
33
how does a hormone know which cells to act on?
target cells- tissues with receptors for a specific hormone
34
what changes can be caused by a hormonal stimulus?
cellular changes by binding to receptors in target cells
35
what are the formed elements of blood?
- erythrocytes (RBC) - leukocytes (WBC) - platelets (thrombocytes)
36
what is the blood pH?
7.35-7.45
37
what is the average blood volume?
5 L - male: 5-6 - female: 4-5
38
define hematocrit and how can you increase/decrease it?
- precent of blood volume that is RBC | - you can increase or decrease by EPO
39
neutrophils
- 3 or more round things | - kill/inhibit the growth of bacteria
40
eosinophils
- red staining - eyes or ear mufs - allerges and parasitic worms
41
basophils
- purple - lots of grains - histamine and heparin
42
lymphocytes
- big nucleus covering most of the cell - b and t cells - immunity
43
monocytes
- kidney shaped | - macrophages
44
granulocytes
- larger and shorter lived - cytoplasmic granules 1. neutrophils 2. eosinophils 3. basophils
45
Agranulocytes
- lack granules 1. lymphocytes 2. monocytes
46
wha is EPO?
process of formation of RBC's that takes about 15 days
47
what stimulates the production of EPO?
lack of O2
48
where is EPO produced?
kidney
49
what are the steps to make a RBC?
1. hematopoietic stem cell transforms to myeloidn stem cell 2. myeloid transforms to proerythroblast 3. proerythroblast divides, into basophilic erythroblasts 4. basophilic synthesizes ribosomes which stain blue 5. polychromatic erythroblasts synthesize red hemoglobin showing pink and blue 6. orthochromatic erythroblasts make concave shape, nucleus degrades 7. reticulocytes have small ribosomes 8. mature erythrocyte
50
what is a reticulocyte and why is it important?
they are immature RBC | they help determine the umber of RBC before it leaves
51
hemorrhagic anemia
rapid blood loss
52
chronic hemorrhagic anemia
slight but persistent blood loss
53
iron deficiency anemia
low iron intake, cant synthesize hemoglobin
54
pernicious anemia
intrinsic factor
55
renal anemia
lack of EPO
56
aplastic anemia
destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow
57
sickle cell anemia
genetic, causes sickling
58
what is a benefit of sickle cell anemia
prevention of malaria
59
describe the steps of hemostasis
1. vascular spasm; smooth muscle contracts 2. platelet plug formation; stick to collagen fibers and release chemicals to make platelets sticky to plug the exposed tissue 3. coagulation; blood clotting, replaces platelet plug with fibrin threads
60
describe the steps of coagulation
1. prothrombin activation; intrinsic or extrinsic pathways to get to 10 (X) 2. transformation to thrombin; transformation of prothrombin to activate thrombin 3. fibrin mesh; converts fibrinogen to fibrin along with Ca2 activates XIII to cross linked fibrin mesh
61
what is fibrinogen/fibrin?
- a soluble protein from which fibrin is produced by thrombin - formed from fibrinogen during clotting of blood, makes mesh to stop the blood flow
62
blood typing
- A: a antigen, cant take B - B: b antigen, cant take A - AB: ab antigen, can take anything - O: no antigen, cant take a or b Rh pos: Rh antigen, can take anything Rh neg: no antigen, can only take when seen
63
antigens
on cell surface to help immune system recognize the cells, what it can receive
64
antibodies
response to foreign cells, what it cant get
65
universal donor
O-
66
universal recipient
AB+
67
erythroblastosis fetalis
antibodies cross placenta causing hemolysis of fetal RBC's, when Rh- mother has Rh+ baby
68
structural characteristics of RBC that make it good for gas transport
1. size and shape 2. hemoglobin makes p 97% of cell 3. no mitochondria
69
functions of blood
- transport - regulation - protection
70
what may cause a bleeding disorder?
anemia, leukemia
71
what the the three layers of the heart wall?
1. epicardium- visceral 2. myocardium- muscle 3. endocardium- SS epi.
72
what are the two different layers of the pericardium?
1. fibrous pericardium; protect | 2. serous pericardium; parietal and visceral layer
73
what causes auscultations (heart sounds)?
closing of the valves
74
describe the 4 phases of contraction
1. ventricular filling 2. ventricular systole 3. isovolumetric relaxation 4. isovolumetric contraction
75
what systole and diastole?
systole- contraction | diastole- relaxiation
76
p wave
SA- partial depolarization
77
QRS wave
ventricular depolarization
78
T wave
ventricular repolarization
79
similarities between skeletal and cardiac muscle
- depolarizing action potential - release Ca2+ - excitation contraction with Ca2+
80
differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle
- pacemaker; automatic - all together - extracellular - tetanic disent occur - aerobic respiration
81
what is the importance of Ca2+ in contraction and action potential?
prolonged depolarization
82
describe the absolute refractory period in the heart
the time where no matter how intense the stimulus is, you can not get another action potential
83
pericarditis
inflammation of pericardium, friction rubbing together
84
cardiac tamponade
excess fluid leaking into the pericardial space, compress heart
85
angina pectoris
thoracic pain by deficiency in blood to myocardium, weak cells
86
myocardial infraction
heart attack, coronary blocked
87
what is the fossa ovalis?
depressed structure of right atrium for fetal circulation, we don't use when older
88
right atrium
- deoxygenated blood from vena cava from body | - release from pulmonary. artery to lungs
89
left atrium
- receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary. veins from lungs | - leaves the aorta into the body
90
what is functional synctium
gap junctions allowing ions to pass
91
what is preload?
stretching of the muscle cells before contraction, ventricular filling
92
what is afterload?
load against which the heart has to contract to eject the blood
93
how to calculate EDV, ESV and SV
SV = EDV - ESV
94
how to calculate cardiac output (CO)
CO = SV x HR
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