1
Q
arteries
A
carry blood away from heart
2
Q
capillaries
A
direct contact with tissue
3
Q
veins
A
carry blood toward heart
4
Q
elastic arteries
A
- conducting
- pressure réservoirs
- elastin
5
Q
muscular arteries
A
- distributing
- muscle and tissue
6
Q
arterioles
A
- resistance
- BP
- afterload
- between muscle art. and capillaries
7
Q
continuous capillaries
A
- tight junctions
- narrow, small
- blood brain barrier, blood thymus, blood testis
- regulated exchange
8
Q
fenstruated capillaries
A
- wider
- kidneys and endocrine organs
9
Q
discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillaries
A
- big gaps
- free flow
- liver, spleen , bone marrow
10
Q
pulmonary veins
A
transport oxygenated blood to heart from lungs
11
Q
systemic veins
A
throughout the body
deoxygenated blood to the heart
12
Q
hypovolemic shock
A
blood loss
13
Q
vascular shock
A
blood vessels are too big and cant fill anymore
14
Q
circulatory shock
A
sudden inadequate filling
15
Q
what is the capillary exchange equation
A
NFP = (HPc + OPif) - (HPif + OPc)
16
Q
pulse pressure
A
difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
17
Q
mean arterial pressure
A
pressure that propels blood to tissues
MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
18
Q
what factors affect blood pressure
A
- cardiac output
- peripheral resistance
- blood volume
19
Q
normal blood pressure
A
120/80
20
Q
hypertension
A
140/90
21
Q
hypotension
A
90/60
22
Q
how does the velocity of blood flow change throughout the system?
A
- as blood travels throughout the system
- capillaries have largest area, so its slow
- fastest in aorta
- then increases in veins
- the less area, the higher the velocity
23
Q
what mechanisms regulate blood flow to the different organs
A
- extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms
- long term and acute auto regulation
- reactive hyperemia
- myogenic control
- metabolic control
24
Q
how does the baroreceptors work and reflex?
A
- detecting the level of stretch on vascular walls
- send impulses to brain, to activate or stimulate cardioinhibitory center and vasomotor center
25
what are the three components of the lymphatic system?
1. lymphatics- vessels
2. lymph- fluid
3. lymph nodes- cleansing of lymph
26
what is the path of lymph flow?
-lymph enters node through lymphatic vessels, then exits through the efferent side
27
right lymphatic duct
right upper lumbar, right head and thorax
28
thoracic duct
everything else
29
thymus vs. bone marrow
thymus- T cells
| bone marrow- B cells
30
lymphedema
swelling, prevents normal return of lymph to blood
31
lymph nodes
- cleansing of lymph
- immune system activation
- inguinal, axillary and cervical regions
32
spleen
cleansing blood, breakdown and storage
| red and white pulp
33
Peyers patches and appendix functions
1. destroy bacteria
| 2. memory lymphocytes
34
MALT's
- lymphoid tissue in mucous membranes
| - tonsils, Peters patches, appendix
35
structure of lymph node
- bean shaped
- follicled in cortex
- afferent, efferent
36
lymphatic vessels
capillaries (Captain America), vessels (vexes), trunks (Three), ducts (dudes)
37
phagocytes
digest foreign invaders
38
natural killer cells
- tell cell to die
| - apoptosis
39
B cells
humoral immunity, antibodies
| own activation
40
T cells
Cellular immunity
| cytotoxic
41
antigen presenting cells
- no specific cells
| - essential in immunity
42
dendritic cells
- helper T cells
- immunity
- most effective
43
macrophages
T cells
| become hungry when activated
44
CD4 cells
- helper T cells
- regulatory T cells
- MHC II
45
CD8 cells
cytotoxic T cells
| -MHC I
46
neutrophils
hold the line, die while fighting
47
1st order of defense
- innate
| - external body; skin, mucous membrane
48
2nd line of defense
-innate
-phagocytes, natural killer cells
-inflammatory response, antimicrobial proteins
,fever
49
3rd line of defense
- adaptive
- humoral immunity; B cells
- cellular immunity; T cells
50
autoimmune diseases
immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign
51
myasthenia
impairs communication between nerves ad skeletal muscles
52
multiple sclerosis
destroys the myelin sheaths of the brain and spinal cord
53
rheumatoid arthritis
destroys then lining of joints
54
graves disease
thyroid land becomes hyperactive
55
compliment protein
-pathway converges and makes C3, which splits into C3a and C3b, which initiates pathway to enhance inflammation, phagocytosis and cell lysis
56
membrane attack complex (MAC)
form compliment components, that insert into the target cell membrane creating pores that can lyse the cell
57
positive selection test
T cells must recognize self-MHC
58
negative selection test
must not recognize self antigens
59
active humoral immunity
when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them, actually having to fight something off
60
passive humoral immunity
ready-made antibodies are introduced to the body
61
naturally acquired
from an actual bacteria or virus
62
artificially acquired
vaccine
63
helper T cells
- both arms
- there would be no immune response without it
- dependent and independent
64
cytotoxic T cells
- directly attack
- bacteria, virus and cancer
- lethal hit by performs and granzymes that cause apoptosis
65
regulatory T cells
- prevent autoimmune reactions
- self-reactive lymphocytes
- allograft; transplant from other human
66
stages of inflammation
1. chemical release
2. vasodilation and permeability
3. phagocyte mobilization
67
chemical release
- histmine
- ECF
- release cytokines
68
vasodilation and permeability
hyperemia- increased blood flow
exudate- fluid and clotting
edema- increased volume fo ECF
69
phagocyte mobilization
1. leukocytosis- release neutrophils
2. margination- CAM's grab cells
3. diapedesis- flatten and squeeze through epi.
4. chemotaxis- tells where the injury is and leads cells to it
70
what causes pain and swelling in inflammation
leaked fluid in tissue spaces
71
what causes heat and redness in inflammation
hyperemia; increased blood flow
72
antigens
- the target
- determinants for antibodies
- immunogenicity; lymphocytes
- reactivity; binding
73
haptins
- imcomplete antigens
| - not immunogenic
74
antibodies
- proteins secreted by plasma to find antigens but not kill
| - ig's
75
pyrogens
secreted by foreign subsrances
| tell hypothalamus to increase temperature
76
interferon
-warn healthy cells about the foreign cells
77
opsonization
makes the foreign cells tasty to eat, so phagocytes with digest them
78
primary immune response
- never seen before
- cell proliferation and differentiation
- lag period 2-6 days
- 10 days for antibodies to reach and be better
79
secondary immune response
- re exposure to same antigen
- faster, prolonged, more effective
- can only take a few hours
- memory
80
classical pathway
- antibodies
- complement fixation; antibody to antigen
- adaptive
81
lectin pathway
-specific sugar, lectin
82
alternative pathway
-spontaneously bind to foreign invader
83
what are the defense mechanisms used by antibodies?
1. neutralization- blocking
2. Agglutination- clumping of blood
3. Precipitation- fall out, soluble antigens
4. complement fixation (lysis)- splitting of cell
A&P 2 lecture
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