unit 3 urinary system

Question 1

function of kidneys

Answer 1

regulation of extracellular fluid

Question 2

what do the kidneys regulate?

Answer 2

• blood volume
• electrolytes and ions
• pH
• waste products
• hormones, EPO
• vitamin D

Question 3

what is the urine flow?

Answer 3

1. kidneys
2. ureters
3. bladder
4. urethra

Question 4

renal ptosis

Answer 4

kidneys drop in body

loss of fatty tissue that hold in place

Question 5

nephron

Answer 5

responsible for forming urine

Question 6

what are the tubular pats of the nephron?

Answer 6

1,glomerular capsule- filtration

2. proximal convoluted tubule- cuboidal, microvilli; reabsorption
3. descending loop of Henle
4. ascending loop og henle
5. distal convoluted tubule- secretion
6. collecting duct

Question 7

glomerulus

Answer 7

mass capillaries in capsule that give rise to filtrate

Question 8

afferent arteriole

Answer 8

supplies blood to glomerulus

bid in diameter

Question 9

efferent arteriole

Answer 9

delivers blood to capillaries

small diameter

Question 10

glomerular capsule

Answer 10

cup shaped, hallow around glomerulus

1. parietal layer- sse
2. visceral layer- on glom.
   - podocytes; feet

Question 11

filtrate must pass through?

Answer 11

• capillary fenstrate
• glomerular basement membrane
• visceral layer with podocytes

Question 12

what are the two types of nephrons?

Answer 12

1. cortical nephrons- 85%, outer part

2. juxrameduallry nephrons- have long LH, concentrate urine

Question 13

juxtaglomerular complex

Answer 13

regulating filtrate formation and blood pressure

• ascending limb
• afferent and efferent

Question 14

what are the three cell populations in juxtaglomerular complex?

Answer 14

1. macula densa- asc. limb, Na+
2. granular cells- message from macula, afferent, renin
3. extraglomerular mesagila cells- connect first 2

Question 15

what is apart of urine formation and blood regulation?

Answer 15

1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption
3. tubular secretion

Question 16

glomerular filtration rate

Answer 16

volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys each minute

Question 17

glomerular filtration rate regulation

Answer 17

• vasocontriction/ dilation of afferent arteriole
  1. intrinsic regulation- renal auto regulation
  2. extrinsic regulation- SNS

Question 18

intrinsic controls of glomerular filtration

Answer 18

• renal autoregulation
  1. myogenic mechanism- smooth muscle, BP
  2. tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism- ATP

Question 19

extrinsic controls of glomerular filtration

Answer 19

• BP
  1. neural- SNS
  2. Hormonal- renin angiotensin aldosterone

Question 20

net filtration pressure equation

Answer 20

(HP glom + OPcapsule) - (HPcapsule + OPglom)

Question 21

glomerular filtration rate is directly proportional to?

Answer 21

• net filtration pressure
• total surface area
• membrane permeability

Question 22

obligatory water loss

Answer 22

-min of 400 ml/ day is necessary to excrete waste

Question 23

reabsorption

Answer 23

• return of filtered molecules
• water not actively transported
• active and passive tubular reabsorption

Question 24

what are the substances that follow the two routes of reabsorption?

Answer 24

1. transcellular- across membrane

2. paracellular- next to, around

Question 25

where does 85% of the reabsorption occur?

Answer 25

- proximal tubules | - descending loop of Henle

Question 26

sodium transport across the basolateral membrane

Answer 26

- Na+ is most abundant - active transport - Na is pumped into interstitial space - Na is swept into peritubular capillaries

Question 27

transport across apical membrane

Answer 27

- Na enters cell at apical surface - secondary active transport - Na pumped into basolateral membrane

Question 28

transport maximum

Answer 28

- carriers for a solute are saturated, have glucose bound to is - want more glucose for more water and urine

Question 29

countercurrent multiplier

Answer 29

- filtrate flow in ascending and descending limbs of juztamedullary nephrons - difference in concentration between asc. and dec.

Question 30

countercurrent exchanger

Answer 30

- blood flow in limbs of vasa recta | - pressure by removing salt and water

Question 31

osmolality of cortex and plasma

Answer 31

300 mOsm

Question 32

descending limb

Answer 32

- permeable to H2O | - impermeable to NaCL

Question 33

ascending limb

Answer 33

- impermeable to H2O - permeable to salt - interstitial

Question 34

collecting duct

Answer 34

- water conservation | - ANP; inhibit Na

Question 35

what are the different diuretics?

Answer 35

1. ADH inhibitors- alc. 2. caffeine 3. loop diuretics 4. osmotic diuretics

Question 36

renin angiotensin aldosterone system

Answer 36

- decrease in BP and /or blood flow to kidneys - leads to release of renin - renin converts to angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 - then converted to angiotensin 2 by ACE

Question 37

what does angiotensin Ii stimulate?

Answer 37

- ADH release - increase thirst - vasoconstriction - aldosterone

Question 38

renal plasma clearance

Answer 38

- filtration in glomerular capsule begins - secretion finishes process - moved to peritubular capillaries

Question 39

excretion rate

Answer 39

C(clearance rate) = U(concentrate) x V(flow) / P(plasma)

Question 40

inulin

Answer 40

-great marker of glomerular filtration rate

Question 41

creatinin

Answer 41

-urine creatinin vs blood creatinin