When do babies learn better from screen media? When is there less of a video deficit?
- socially contingent (ex. video chat)
- an adult is engaging w/ them
- socially meaningful characters and cues are used
- less of vid def when a familiar character or someone they know (feels like a social connection)
What is Piaget’s Centration?
poured same amount of water into 2 diff glasses -kids thought taller/thinner had more in it
***focus on perceptually salient features (how it looks/sounds) vs conceptual
What are 2 hallmarks of identity in adolescence?
1) imaginary audience: belief that others are paying attention to you
2) personal fable; the belief that you and your experiences are unique
Why do adolescence engage in more risky media use? ie sexting?
- pre-frontal cortex isn’t fully developed (ie impulse control)
- shifts in dopamine (neurotransmitter driven by rewards)
- hormones
- trimming -affects emotions or regulation of emotions?
Hypodermic Needle Theory or Magic Bullet theories?
-what you consume is directly affecting your behaviour -what you see is what you do
cultivation theory
media gradually cultivates certain views in the audience over time -amount matters
- proposed in 1960s/70s by G Gerbner (after hypodermic)
- not as much about behaviour -instead views, our thinking, our beliefs
- media molds you like clay
- strongest impact on those who watch it
- need large # of ppl to watch similar content
What is the Mean World Syndrome/Theory?
-more scary event you see on TV/the news the more likely you think it will happen to you -even if it’s rare
What it resonance?
the similarity between media and an individual’s circumstances
- (shows who might be impacted more, the person who’s views are already similar?)
- exception to mainstreaming
- cultivation theory
Who is most likely to be impacted by viewing crime?
-heavy media consumer, female, and city-dweller
fem & city are more likely to be affected by being heavy viewers
What is mainstreaming?
-all of us start out w/ diff views but heavy media use will tend to homogenize them -get closer to the mainstream view
What is social learning/social cognitive theory?
- our own behaviour is influenced by observing the behaviour of others
- ex. Bandura’s Bobo doll
What is reciprocal determinism?
interplay btw environmental factors, personal factors, and behaviour
What is the availability heuristic? And what theory does it underlie?
- estimation is based on ease w/ which info can be retrieved from memory (easily remembered seems more common)
- cultivation theory
What is the simulation heuristic? And what theory does it underlie?
- events that can be easily imagines are perceived to have greatest chance of occurring
- cultivation theory
What is the representativeness heuristic? And what theory does it underlie?
- similarity of features btw an event and the memory influences estimation -the closer they the more probable the event seems
- cultivation theory
What is priming?
- media primes related networks of emotions, thoughts, and concepts -info becomes available for use
- similar thoughts/emotions become triggered
- can be affected by context
- more it’s used more likely to be activated in the future
- can bias available thoughts -ex. perceive aggressive intent
- ex. fill in the blanks
What is social learning theory?
behaviour is a learned response resulting from observations made in the world
- (Bandura)
- observational learning
- no consequences same as reward -higher likelihood of imitating
- alongside operant and classical conditioning
- UNIDIRECTIONAL (ex. enviro to behaviour)
What is social cognitive theory?
theoretical expansion of bandura (own work) -behaviour is more of a choice than a response to the environment -there are cognitive, emotional, and motivational influences on behaviour
influences
1) behavioural 2) personal 3) environmental
^interact = reciprocal determinism
BIDIRECTIONAL -effect one another
What is reciprocal determinism?
when behavioural, personal, and environmental factors interact to influence human actions, thoughts and feelings (w/in social cognitive theory)
-influences and influenced by
What is Script Theory?
- ppl use scripts in real life -expectations for interactions -used to deem appropriateness of actions
- can us them in new enviros/contexts to figure out what to do (ex. in new restaurant)
- consider consequences of using certain scripts
- develop from observational learning & experience
- harder to change well-established scripts
- media helps form scripts (w/ repeated exposure)
- want to use & validate our scripts
Do SCT, SLT, Hypo, UMM (GAM), ET, Priming, Scripts, etc meet criteria for developmental theory?
No -don’t talk about how these might change throughout development
Why do kids point to the taller cup when the same amount of water is moved from a shorter, wider cup to a tall skinny one?
- kids focus on perceptually salient features -ex. size, sounds
- vs. underlying conceptual properties/meaning
