1
Q
What is gender identity? expression? attraction? and biology?
A
-identity: what you think
-gender expression: how we express it
-physically attracted & emotionally attracted: how you feel
Biology: sex assigned at birth
2
Q
At what age can you identify gender?
A
2
- normally external -hair, clothing, etc
- understand some gender stereotypes
3
Q
At what age do gender stereotypes become more extensive?
A
-5-7
4
Q
And what age do we have a deeper understanding of gender?
A
- 7-9
- gender more stable -socially influenced
- not necessarily biology but your environment, you, etc.
5
Q
is gender binary?
A
No
- spectrum/range
- agendered, nongendered, gender queer
- most research only focuses on binary
6
Q
What is race?
A
-based on physical traits -typically shared between members of a group
7
Q
What is ethnicity?
A
based on cultural identity & traditions typically shared between members of a group
8
Q
Is black or Latino a race or an ethnicity?
A
- black is a race
- latino is an ethnicity
9
Q
What is similar about the concept of race & ethnicity?
A
- both social constructions (not a biological difference)
- both a social reality –> implications of discrimination, privilege, etc
10
Q
At what age do children become aware of race/ethnicity?
A
- age 3-4
- sort themselves & others into categories
11
Q
At what age are we aware of racial stereotypes?
A
- 6-10
- characteristics that tend to be associated w/ racial groups -racial biases -dominant racial group
- preference for own ethnicity or race
12
Q
Do gender & race impact our media selections
A
yes
13
Q
How does gender impact our media selections when we’re young?
A
- pick similar things until 4-6 (not including vid games) but tv, movies -then diverge -pick more gender-stereotyped media (guys = action programs, girls = family-oriented, romance, comedy)
- by adolescents we have v diff media differences
14
Q
How does race affect our media selection?
A
choose things that feature our own race/ethnicity
15
Q
Does gender & race affect how much media we consumer? How?
A
- yes
- gender: - boys more time on vid games, girls w/ music, similar amounts of TV but content differs
- race: -total screen consumption -TV, movies, are lower for white youth (no diff in music or print)
16
Q
Can you consider race/ethnicity & gender separately?
A
- no b/c identity doesn’t separate these
- influences may intersect
- can be in conflict (ex. Dora the Explorer - LatinX but girl, so boys conflicted)
17
Q
Do we see the same media effects across gender and race?
A
-no -can have diff impacts
18
Q
What is an example of a (less impactful) effect of male media consumers?
A
-body image is less impactful
19
Q
What is an example of a (less impactful) effect on black youth?
A
-less impacted by sexual media than white youth
20
Q
What are stereotypes?
A
- generalized conceptions -can be positive or negative -rreduce ppl to 1 or few characteristics -creates impression all the same -creates biased expectations of how we should act -often negative consequence (whether stereotype is pos or neg)
- research often focuses on stereotypes
21
Q
What are intergroup relations?
A
-how you might want to behave towards ppl of diff groups
22
Q
how does media make us feel about ourselves?
A
- identity
- self-esteem
- (for youth in particular - identity development is central to adolescents)
23
Q
Where is most of the gender research been studied?
A
North America
24
Q
Are there gender stereotypes in children’s books?
A
- yes, historically, heavily stereotyped
- in contemporary books - more equal, less differences, more similarities, but still stereotyped representation -typically show more male characters (be independent, not do housework)
25
What is the risk w/ books & gendered stereotypes?
- they seem to persist more than other media -reread, passed down through the years
- even though there's a contemporary shift -can still have the effects of the classic books
26
How are books & gender stereotypes for older kids?
-often use stereotypes -specifically personalities (ex. girls are polite, calm, -boys are aggressive, dominant)
27
What is benevolent sexism?
- women in traditional roles is idealized, romanticized, women are seen as more delicate & overly romantic
- ex. princess stories
28
What is the medium most research focuses on?
-screen media (TV & movies)
29
Within screen media what are two gender representations they study?
1) quantity of representation
| 2) characteristics of representation
30
What is a quantity of representation example (gender)?
-how many female or male characters there are -male outnumber female 1 to 2.5 -generally G films
31
What is are characteristics of representation examples?
male & female characters often portrayed in stereotyped ways -women are appearance focused & sexual appeal -family-oriented -better liked, more fearful
-males pursue & prioritize sex, more verbal/physical aggression -often working (in STEM 1 woman, 7.6 male characters) -bumbling & incompetent at family stuff
32
How is gender quantity of representation in video games?
- females have increased dramatically -but males still outnumber
- 90% have playable male, 50% playable woman
33
How is quality of characteristics (gender) in video games?
-females are more likely to be bystanders, needing to be rescued, and/or nurturing
34
Overall gendered themes in media?
-gendered ideas of bodies
-gendered ideas of sex
-men as serious & powerful, women as emotional & passive
-a woman's place is in the home
(persist, but shifting)
35
How is transgender representation?
- very small, but increasing -less research
- qualitative impact = lack of rep? Is it reflective of the range of trans identities?
- might not meet a trans individual outside of media initially -could be significant
36
What are quantitative representation of race & ethnicity in North American media?
- quantitative - TV most characters are white -many underrep -LatinX (16% of pop, 3% of characters) -indigenous has basically no rep
- (similar in movies & vid games)
- (children's media is more diverse, closer to pops -particularly educational programs)
37
How are black individuals portrayed in the media?
- (research more focus)
- negative architypes
- subservient - loyal -servant
- black men: lazy, poor, jobless
- black women: angry -hypersexualized
- 1960s overly positive representations --can have neg ramifications -complex -ideal that's hard to attain? more positive stereotypes
- but still -less respected -more disheveled -overrepresented as criminals (new media proportion is off)
38
How are LatinX represented in the media?
- underrepresented -stereotyped, negative characteristics
- sex objects
- rarely have high-status jobs
- lack of intelligence, accented
- associated w/ crime
- (is shifting)
39
How are asian individuals portrayed?
- low low representation -less is known
- often homogenous group -asian is broad
- villians -kung fu (political climate)
- "model minority" stereotype -linked w/ intelligence, strong fam values, strong work ethic, passive
- positive stereo but puts undue pressure -overgeneralization
40
How are indigenous individuals represented?
- extremely low rep
- between 1987 - 2009 -only 3 characters -also homogenous
- aggressive, uncivilized -or wise, connected w/ nature
- actors aren't indigenous
- what's impact of invisibility?
41
How are Middle Eastern individuals portrayed?
- new area
- less known
- post 9/11 - most depictions of middle eastern men as terrorists (vid games & films)
42
How are multiracial individuals portrayed?
- very little been studied
- often stereotyped -better depictions need to be made
- ex. Ginny & Georgia
43
What are gender role beliefs?
How you think about gender
44
So does consuming more media link w/ endorsement of traditional gender stereotypes?
- yes -small effect across diff studies -correlational & experimental
- boys w/ masculinity
- women w/ femininity
- but varies across genre
45
What genres have more gender-stereotypical content?
-stronger for soap operas, talk shows, reality TV -less for prime-time scripted TV
46
Is exposure to stereotyped content linked w/ an increase of gender stereotypes?
- yes
- content matters
- linked w/ TV, vid games, & music
47
What is an example of an experimental study & gender stereotypes?
- video games
- 15-20yr olds
- exposure to diff types of vid games/content -play 1 of 3 -violent & sexist, violent, non-violent/sexist -for same amount of time -lead to differences in gender role beliefs -particularly masculine -physical prowess & sex roles
- violent&sexist linked w/ more masculine beliefs -not just violence alone (but that one was more than nonviolent)
- less empathy for female victims
- potentially real-world effects
- but moderated by identification & perceived realism
48
Do higher levels of masculine beliefs seem to predict lower levels of empathy?
-yes seems so -experimental study w/ vid games
49
Experimental study (gender) & kids?
- similar findings to adults/adolescents
- Grade 5s -looking at gender and academic stereotypes -'boys have higher ability in math'
- first measures their stereotypes then exposed to 1 of 2 clips -one gendered content, other not
- found one w/ stereotypes had effect -for boys & girls -didn't have an effect on actual math performance
- so linked w/ believed roles/thinking
50
Is media correlated w/ gender-stereotypical behaviour?
Seems so, yes
| -but not all media the same -depends on how gender is portrayed
51
Is media correlated w/ gender-stereotypical behaviour?
Seems so, yes
- but not all media the same -depends on how gender is portrayed
- mainstream programs endorse mainstream gender roles
52
How might men be effected by seeing sexually violent media?
- see submissive female characters -more negative views towards women
- if strong female characters in sexually violent media - then not linked w/ negative attitudes
53
What do these say about gender-stereotypes and media? What matters?
-the content matters
54
What is direct tuition?
-children are encouraged & rewarded for engaging in certain behaviours considered appropriate
55
How is race and gender might be diff when represented in online media?
- can be policed on it through comments etc -but also can be positive b/c can talk to many more ppl from outgroups
- user has active role
- both amount & characteristics of representation maters
56
How do race & ethnicity representations effect us?
- lack in research
- tends to be focused on adult users
- but seems to change attitudes towards outgroups (ex. negative stereotypes --> more nag judgement towards individuals in that group) (positive portrayals --> more favourable attitudes, more sympathetic responses to discrimination)
57
Do media representation effect social attitudes of youth?
- yes seems similar
- some evidence supports exposure to positive reps can lead to more positive outgroup attitudes
- but old research
58
Sesame street research on outgroup reps?
-3-5yr olds -one clip of outgroups integrates, one clip w/ white reps -then asked kids questions -who do you want to bring to school tmr? -multiracial clip more likely to bring asian or indigenous ppl -white clip -more likely to bring an individual of their same ingroup
59
Why might kids be effected by race representations?
- age? more malleable? (5-10 more malleable)
| - ***see slides?
60
In BIPOC adolescents what is exposure to media stereotypes often associated w/?
- lower self-esteem
| - even more so if strong ethnic identity
61
What did they study in indigenous youth?
-stereotyped portrayals & self-esteem -after seeing pocahontas or another 'mascot' had lower self-esteem than control group -stereotyped weren't necessarily neg. but has neg impact on esteem
62
What are 3 theories that support the LatinX study?
- cultivation theory
- social cognitive theory
- social identity theory
63
Cultivation theory & race rep?
over time exposre to media shits our understanding of reality
- internalize the stereotypes -if overrep of blacks & crime, think that's reality
- if asians seem really good at school -think reality
- hevay consumers are impacted more -more in line w/ what media shows
- ex. frequent TV viewers more likely to underrep the prop of working women
64
Social cognitive theory & race rep?
- we observe media models to learn normative behav -valued behav
- ex. men vs. women raising kids -men bumbling -think normative -guide yourself how you're 'supposed' to act
- depends on how much you identify w/ model
65
Social identity theory & race rep?
-not often studied w/ media (instead tests) -but identity is salient -group membership helps construct our identity -try to create positive identity by comparing features of our ingroup vs. outgroup
-groups help define who you are
-how oure group stands relative to other groups
-media help sus learn about our group & others -make generalizations
social identity threat
66
What is social identity/stereotype threat?
- we have a social identity which is shaped in part by our group memberships
- when confronted w/ negative stereotypes (ex. talking Barbie, math hard, go shopping)
- have negative emotions -stress response -worry of conforming -linked w/ lower self-esteem & lower self-concept
67
When might stereotype threat impact you more?
-when you identity is shaped more by your group membership -b/c causes concern & negative emotions
68
Summarize Rivadeneyra
- media exposure & latino adolescents conceptions of self -2 studies -adolescents & then YA -found negative correlation -more media, lower (appearance & social) self-esteem -soap operas, primetime TV -english mainstream -more impact for higher ethnic identity (or if woman?) -cultivation theory, social cognitive theory, social identity theory
- limitations: correlational (directionality?) -small sample size -only english tv not spanish -need diff in latino (since broad term) -variability
69
Summarize Coyne
- multimethod -shot-term & long-term -questionnaires (parents, teachers) -198 children -preschool & kindergarten age (3-6yr) -2 time points -1yr apart -longitudinal
- disney princess engagement (how much they identify etc) associated w/ female gender-stereotypical behaviour (for both boys & girls) concurrently & later -predictive -directionality -parental mediation moderated
- not necessarily bad unless women think limited in life (but positive for boys?)
- limitations: -didn't ask what was said in parental mediation -should do a longer study -sample was limited (white, middle-class), only parent reports at Time 2 -context & access to playing w/ toys
70
What did adult women who thought they were 'princesses' think?
- less desire to work
- expected more traditional divisions of household labour
- placed greater value on superficial qualities -gave up quicker in challenging tasks
- (didn't study role of media)
71
What theories back up Coyne?
- social cognitive theory -modeling -seeing princess teaches them gender stereotypical behaviour
- thin-ideal internalization
