When do relationships start being affected by social media?
At birth
What does infancy and relationships around social media/phone look like?
(parents can be on phone - interaction btw babies and parents are most important part of development) - connect the baby to extended fam
-can use parents phone - bright colours
What does early childhood and relationships around social media/phone look like?
- can share devices with people -co-view
- little interaction online w/ ppl but relational behaviour around the device
- tablet use is very high
What does middle childhood and relationships around phone/social media look like?
- start to sign up for social media -transition to independence in online world
- but not using it much - mediated by parents
- disclose more
- parents teach them how to navigate online world
- texting & IM more frequent
- influenced by peers family, schools & their devices
What do teens look like w/ relationships & phones/social media?
- increased exploration - larger world
- more about the social relationships
- feelings of connection
- disclosure online is important for developmental
- romance importance
- problem isn’t the tech but what is motivating us to use the tech
What is one of the most popular reasons for using social media?
-connection with friends
What are the benefits of Self Disclosure and what is it?
- sharing of personal or private info about oneself w/ trusted others
- increases intimacy
- helps develop social skills
- helps form one’s identity
- disclosure among friends (connection) can happen online
What is the Social Compensation Hypothesis?
-social media use benefits certain people over face-to-face; less extroverted users able to connect more easily with others
What is the Social Enhancement hypothesis?
- the rich get richer
- extroverted people are able to expand their large network of friends
Which one is better - social compensation hypothesis or social enhancement hypothesis?
- it’s both
- but slightly more evidence for Social Enhancement (the rich get richer) - they can connect deeply w/ people - more likely to start a convo
- BUT more evidence for Social Compensation Hypothesis in LGBTQIA+ & shy individuals
When does cyberbullying start? Peaks?
around age 8
-peaks at round age 13/14 and tapers off at 16/17
What is the definition of cyberbullying?
-any behaviour performed through electronic or digital media by individuals or groups that repeatedly communicate hostile or aggressive messages intended to inflict harm
What is the criteria for cyberbullying & what is the difference between cyberbullying and traditional bullying?
1) via technology
2) repeated over time -*can mean sent to a lot of ppl or posted or comments
3) intention to harm
What is the criteria for cyberbullying & what is the difference between cyberbullying and traditional bullying?
1) via technology
2) repeated over time -*can mean sent to a lot of ppl or posted or comments
3) intention to harm
(also diff includes traditional you can go home)
How common is cyberbullying?
25% of adolescents under 18/19 have experienced a form of it
Is cyberbullying worse than traditional cullying?
- yes
- traditional you can go home, but cyber is 24/7
What can cyberbullying result in?
- poorer physical health, depression and anxiety, self harm
- can affect sleep which effects everything
What is type of problem is cyberbullying?
- it’s a relationship problem
- not a technology problem
What is cyber dating violence?
- intentional act that cuases physical or emotional harm to a dating partner o -occur online
- see list
What is cyber dating violence?
- intentional act that cuases physical or emotional harm to a dating partner o -occur online
- see list
- intent really matters
What is cyber dating violence?
- intentional act that causes physical or emotional harm to a dating partner o -occur online
- see list
- intent really matters
Summarize Pouwels
- social media & friendship closeness - between (comparing one person & another) & within (same individual) -
- 387 Dutch teens - 13-15yr olds 2021 - Experience Sampling Study - report 6 times/day for 3 wks Instagram & Whatsapp - slightly closer to their friends than snapchat or FB - Insta - reported greatest friendship closeness
- positive between w/ whatsapp & insta and close friends - but not within
- can have issue sif displacement or media multitasking
- maybe reason feel close is simulation hypothesis
- depends of w/ close friends for between
- limitations: -only ‘close’ friendships - not what was done on the platform - or in which way friendships were affected -didn’t study gender differences -
Summarize Holfeld and Baitz
- school climate & internalizing cyber victimization - boys & girls -1151 students - aged 10-16 -most white (2013) -self-report - belongingness hypothesis - buffering hypothesis -girls more likely to experience c.b. - & internalize
- positive school climate intensified strength of association btw adolescent experiences of cyber victimization & internalization
- whether or not had peer support didn’t help if high level of cyber victimization
- limitations: - cross-sectional - less causal - traditional victimization not assessed -hard to measure school climate
- self-report
