Movement Science > unit 2 concepts > Flashcards

unit 2 concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

what are task-related determinants ?

A

elements or aspects of a task that are critical to successful performance

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2
Q

what are the order of observational task analysis

A
  1. identify the task-related determinants
  2. understand typical movement pattern
  3. identify movement deviations
  4. create hypotheses for any deviation
  5. test hypotheses
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3
Q

what are cognitive characteristics related to the person

A
  • developmental status
  • ability to orient + attend to activity in an environment, comprehension, communication
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4
Q

what are behavioral affect related to the person

A

anxiety, facial expression, or other emotions both verbal and non-verbal

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5
Q

what are physical characteristics of the person

A

height, weight, general body shape, observations of body segment size (swelling, atrophy, etc) known physical pathology

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6
Q

what are physical characteristics of the environment

A

lighting, surface they are performing task, obstacles, assistive devices, presence of observers, and noise

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7
Q

psychosocial characteristics of the environment

A

parental support, peer support, motivation, and competition

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8
Q

what are informational characteristics of the environment

A

external feedback, visual and tactile guidance, instructions, other info provided to person performing the task

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9
Q

what are the spatial + temporal requirements

A
  1. moving BOS/moving environment
  2. moving BOS/stationary environment
  3. stationary BOS/moving environment
  4. stationary BOS/stationary environment
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10
Q

what are discrete, continuous, and serial tasks?

A

discrete: task has recognizable start/end
continuous: no definable beginning or end
serial: series of individual movements tied together to make a “whole”

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11
Q

what are the sequence phases for task performance

A
  1. starting position
  2. initiation
  3. execution
  4. termination
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12
Q

define accuracy

A

precision of movement

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13
Q

define alignment

A

position of body segments impact biomechanics demand of maintaining the body in space and stresses in different systems of the body

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14
Q

define amplitude

A

spatial magnitude of displacement for COM. Can be described as excessive or limited. based on expected amount of motion compared to actual performance during the task

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15
Q

define attention

A

focusing of info processing resources/concentration.

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16
Q

define compensation

A

compensatory posture or motion occurs at joint (or series of joints) in response to atypical motion of another joint

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17
Q

dfine coordination

A

timing of body segments with respect to issues such as smoothness, appearance of stiffness, and excessive or lack of adequate movement

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18
Q

define endurance

A

ability to complete task in reasonable time frame

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19
Q

define information processing

A

theoretical cognitive processes that occur before initiation of a movement response

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20
Q

define memory

A

cognitive processes associated with storage of info from prior experience and retrieval of info

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21
Q

define speed

A

general rate of movement

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22
Q

define stability

A

ability of person to maintain position of their COM within stability limits. usually based on

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23
Q

define symmetry

A

relative spatial and temporal comparison of left and right sides of body

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24
Q

what is the goal of a sit-to-stand?

A

move whole body COM upward from sitting position to standing without losing balance

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25
what is the first task related determinant of a sit-to-stand
generate anterior momentum of the head, arms, and trunk (initiation)
26
what is the second task related determinant of a sit-to-stand
control anterior displacement of the whole body COM over new BOS (execution part 1)
27
what is the third task related determinant of a sit-to-stand
generate vertical momentum to raise whole body COM (execution part 2)
28
what is the fourth task related determinant of a sit-to-stand
arrest forward and vertical momentum of whole body COM
29
what is the goal of a forward reach
move whole body COM as far forward as possible while maintaining a stationary base of support + without losing balance
30
what is the first task related determinant of a forward reach
generate anterior momentum of the head, arms, and trunk COM
31
what is the second task related determinant of a forward reach
generate momentum of one upper extremity to elevate it forward
32
what is the third task related determinant of a forward reach
control whole body COM forward momentum adjustments (arrest momentum at termination)
33
what is the fourth task related determinant of a forward reach
coordinate COM momentum for each segment (trunk, arm, hand) to reach target
34
what is the goal of a supine to sit task
move whole-body COM from supine to a vertical sitting balanced over the pelvis and thigh segments with LE hanging off edge of the bed
35
what is the first task related determinant for a supine to sit
generate vertical momentum to raise trunk + head segment COM vertically
36
what is the 2nd task related determinant for a supine to sit
generate momentum of lower extremity segments to move from resting on the bed to hanging off the bed
37
what is the 3rd task related determinant for a supine to sit
generate momentum in the transverse plane to rotate whole body to face edge of bed
38
what is the 4th task related determinant for a supine to sit
control trunk in new upright posture with new BOS on pelvis and LE segments
39
what is the goal of a supine to stand
move whole-body COM from supine position to position over feet only and raise to standing without losing balance
40
what is the 1st task related determinant of a supine to stand
generate momentum to displace whole-body COM over lower extremities
41
what is the 2nd task related determinant of a supine to stand
orient head, arms, + trunk segments to place whole-body COM over feet
42
what is the 3rd task related determinant of a supine to stand
establish new base of support with feet on the floor
43
what is the 4th task related determinant of a supine to stand
generate vertical momentum to raise whole-body COM
44
what is the 5th task related determinant of a supine to stand
control and arrest momentum of whole-body COM
45
what is the goal of walking
move body from one point ot another in a timely manner while limiting energy use and maintain stability
46
how long is stance period on average
60% of gait cycle
47
how long is swing period on average
40%
48
what are 8 fundamental phases of gait
1. initial contact 2. loading response 3. mid-stance 4. terminal stance 5. pre-swing 6. initial swing 7. mid-swing 8. terminal swing
49
what are the start and end position for initial contact
foot contact and foot contact
50
what are the start and end position for loading response
1. foot contact 2. contralateral foot off
51
what are the start and end position for mid-stance
contralateral foot-off and ipsilateral heel off
52
what are the start and end position for terminal stance
1. ipsilateral heel off 2. contralateral initial contact
53
what are the start and end position for pre-swing
1. contralateral initial contract 2. foot off
54
what are the start and end position for initial swing
1. foot off 2. feet adjacent to one another
55
what are the start and end position for terminal swing
1. ipsilateral vertical tibia 2. foot contact
56
difference between step and stride
step: is distance between opposite feet stride: length between initial contact on same foot
57
foot progression angle
angle the foot turns outward during walking. average 10-14 degrees
58
what is the best clinical outcome measure for gait
gait speed. average = 1.4 m/s
59
what are the four necessary ankle kinematic motion during a gait cycle
1. heel rocker ( loading response) 2. controlled tibial advancement (terminal stance) 3. rapid plantar flexion (pre-swing) 4. dorsi flexion to clear foot (initial swing through end?)
60
during loading response which way does the pelvis rotate
away from stance limb
61
during mid stance and terminal stance which way does the pelvis rotate
toward stance limb
62
during swing phase which way does the pelvis rotate
away from swing limb
63
how much degree of rotation do we see in the pelvis during a gait cycle
2-4 degrees in each direction
64
what are the anterior and posterior tilt of the pelvis through the gait cycle
1. loading response = posterior tilt 2. midstance = anterior tilt 3. termina stance thru initial swing = posterior tilt 4. midswing = anterior tilt 5. terminal swing thru loading response = posterior tilt
65
how much lateral tilt do we have throughout the gait cycle
10-15 degree total
66
when are dorsiflexors maximally active during the gait cycle
early loading response
67
when are plantar flexors maximally active during the gait cycle
terminal stance
68
when are knee extensors maximally active during the gait cycle
loading response
69
when are knee flexors maximally active during the gait cycle
terminal swing
70
when are hip extensors maximally active during the gait cycle
loading response (glute max) and terminal stance (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps long head)
71
when are hip flexors maximally active during the gait cycle
pre-swing and initial swing
72
when are the vertical GRF highest (1.5x body weight)
when starting single limb support + when you leave single limb support
73
what critical events occur during initial contact
heel contact (dorsi flexors keeping foot raised)
74
what critical events occur during loading response
1. heel rocker (eccentric DF control) 2. controlled knee flexion (eccentric quads) 3. pelvis stability (isometric glute med + glute max)
75
what are the critical events during mid-stance
1. ankle rocker (eccentric PF) 2. continued pelvic stability `
76
what are the critical events for terminal stance
1. forefoot rocker (metatarsalphalangeal extension) 2. passive hip extension (10 degrees) due to COM moving anterior
77
critical events for pre-swing
1. rapid plantar flexion (concentric activation creates + power) 2. passive knee flexion
78
critical events for initial swing
peak knee flexion (60 degrees)
79
critical event for mid swing
1. peak hip flexion (30 degrees due to concentric muscle activation leading to + power) 2. ankle dorsiflexion to neutral (concentric resulting in + power)
80
critical event for terminal swing
knee extension to neutral (controlled by knee flexors eccentrically to holt the movement)
81
what are the primary + secondary power generators for swing limb advancement
1. ankle 2. hip
82
what age do kids start walking
12-18 months
83
newborns have moderate ___ ___
genu varum
84
at 6 months what lower extremity alignment is typical
minimal genu varum
85
what alignment is usually present at around 1 1/2 yrs old
legs straight
86
what L.E alignment is typical around 2 1/2 yrs old
physiological genu valgum
87
what L.E alignment is typical around 2-3 yrs old
protective toeing-in
88
what L.E alignment is typical around 4-6 yrs old
legs straight with normal toeing-out (more adult-like)
89
18-24 months walking looks like what?
feet turned in due to continued anteversion
90
what are typical characteristics of developing gait
decreased step + stride length, increased cadence, decrease gait velocity
91
what are kinematic changes in developing gait (related to critical events)
1. foot flat initial contact 2. decreased ankle DF and slower tibial progression in stance 3. decreased hip extension at terminal stance (decreased trailing limb posture) 4. decreased knee flexion during swing
92
what are some red flags related to development of gait
- asymmetry - new changes in gait after age 7 - toe walking with neurological signs - drop foot that is new or unexplained
93
what is the average adult step rate
115 steps/minute
94
define biomechanical effectiveness
how well the demand moment + strength variation curves match for a joint. Exercise is thought to be effective when it loads the muscle maximally where it has greatest capacity to produce force
95
what muscles arrest forward + vertical momentum of the whole body COM during a sit to stand
ankle pf (eccentric), hip extension (eccentric), trunk extension (eccentric)
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