ADV History > Unit 2 Mesopotamia > Flashcards

Unit 2 Mesopotamia Flashcards

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1
Q

Where was Mesopotamia located?

A

Around the Fertile Crescent - the land around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

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2
Q

What was the land around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers?

A

The Fertile Crescent

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3
Q

What were river valleys called?

A

The cradles of civilization

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4
Q

How did the rivers impact farming?

A

-Provided water and rich soil for crops
-Protected from invasion
-used for irrigation to bring water to fields

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5
Q

How did farmers control flooding from the rivers?

A

They would build dams, channels, and dikes

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6
Q

Which season did flooding normally occur?

A

Spring

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7
Q

Which of the following was an impact of irrigation on Mesopotamia?

A.) Allowed for a surplus of food to grow creating opportunities for other jobs
B.) allowed the population to grow because of the surplus of food
C.) caused more flooding

A

C

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8
Q

What is a type of food that was not grown?
Barely
Wheat
Chickpeas
Lettuce
Mustard
Strawberries

A

Strawberries

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9
Q

What types of animals were raised?

A

Cattle
Sheep
Goats
Pigs
Donkeys
Oxen

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10
Q

What animal was used as the primary work animal for hard labor. Example stomping on the ground to kill weeds

A

Oxen

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11
Q

What animals were used to pulled wheeled carts for transportation

A

Donkeys
Camels

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12
Q

What season did harvesting occur?

A

The dry season or fall

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13
Q

How did traders get to other regions to trade?

A

Traveled in caravans using wheeled carts on trade routes

They would use sailboats to go down the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

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14
Q

Did Mesopotamia trade with areas like Egypt and Pakistan?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What type of food did Mesopotamia lack that they needed to trade to get?

A

Metals
Wood
Salt

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16
Q

How did the wheeled carts impact trade?

A

It allowed the to carry more food at one time and travel longer distances

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17
Q

What was the 1st major civilization in Mesopotamia?

A

Sumer

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18
Q

When was Sumer founded?

A

Around 4,509 BCE

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19
Q

What became the world’s first monarchy and city-state?

A

Sumer

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20
Q

Who used money?

A

Sumerians

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21
Q

What did money look like in Sumer and how did Sumerians use it?

A

It was made from clay, stamped and dried in a kiln

It was used to measure wealth and it could be easily stored

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22
Q

How did the first kings become leaders?

A

A lugal (a great man) was elected to lead during a military emergency. And they started to lead for longer periods of time and eventually became the kings

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23
Q

What does the political hierarchy look like in Mesopotamia?

A

-Kings and royal family
-priests and military commanders
-Merchants, artists, scribes and farmers (middle class)
- common folk
-captured slaves

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24
Q

Who were the civi, military and religious leaders of the city-states?

A

kings

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25
Who were taken from neighboring mountain areas?
Slaves
26
Who were called “mountain men”
Male slaves
27
Who were known as “mountain women”
Female slaves
28
Who did the Sumerians believe god allowed to use to do domestic labor because they were considered inferior people?
Slaves
29
Could people advance through the political structure if they were successful?
Yes
30
What is not an example of rights women had? A.) they could buy land b.) they could own their own business C.) they could become a king D.) they could become scribes E.) they could divorce their husbands
C
31
All of the following are examples of cultural achievement except: A.) made fine jewelry and sculptures B.) music using flutes and string instruments C.) singing D.) Epic of Gilgamesh
C
32
What does the first half of the Epic of Gilgamesh cover?
A story that relates to a friendship between Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, and Enkidu
33
What does the second half of the Epic of Gilgamesh cover?
A story that relates to King Gilgamesh’s distress at Enkidu’s death causes him to undertake a long and perilous journey to discover the secret to eternal life
34
What were achievements of the Sumerians?
1.) Irrigation 2.) Ziggurats 3.) Written Laws 4.) Organized Armies 5.) The Wheel 6.) Cuneiform 7.) The Sailboat 8.) The city-state and King political structure 9.) used basic math and geometry based on 60 (60 minute hour and 360 degree circle)
35
What is built in receding tiers upon rectangular, oval or square platforms resembling a pyramid? The tiers ranged from 2 to 7
Ziggurats
36
This was not a place of worship but was believed to be a dwelling place for gods. It allowed the gods to be close to mankind
Ziggurat
37
Who were the only people that were permitted inside a Ziggurat? What would they do in the ziggurat?
Priests They would car for the gods and attend their needs They would perform sacrifices of animals and even some humans
38
Who could opt out of punishment for breaking the law by paying tribute?
Wealthy people
39
Who were often dealt the harshest punishments for breaking the law?
Women and those who did not own land
40
Did each city-state have their own laws and punishments?
Yes
41
Who decided the fate of an individual if they committed a crime?
The king
42
What were types of Punishments for breaking the law?
Lashes Losing a limb Stoning Burning Death
43
What was used to carry supplies in battle?
Chariots
44
What did an organized army consist of?
Mostly infantry. Light and regular infantry
45
What type of infantry carried battle-axes, daggers and spears
Light infantry
46
What type of infantry had copper helmets, felt cloaks, and leather kilts?
Regular infantry
47
How were cities protected from attack?
They had walls surrounding the cutie Some had motes as well
48
What types of weapons were used by the armies?
Battle-axes Daggers Spears Slings Bows
49
What was the first written language recorded? When?
Cuneiform Around 3,500 BCE
50
How did the cuneiform progress over 500 years?
Started at a pictograph (small picture) and developed into phonograms (symbols that represent words)
51
What type of language was written in wedge shaped clay tablets and baked in a kiln?
Cuneiform
52
Examples for use of cuneiform were for all the following except: A.) business letters and transactions B.) receipts C.) hymns and prayers D.) magical incarnations E.) food recipes
E
53
What were stitched together with twine, featuring tar to waterproof the bottom and sides. They were made of animal skins patched together
Sailboats
54
We’re sailboats very big? How long were they?
No, 20 feet long
55
How many city-states were created?
12
56
Who lives the closet to the Ziggurat and who lives on the outside of the city?
Wealthy people lived the closest (center of the town) Poorer people lived on the outside of the town
57
Who ran their own government and were appointed by their one being passed down through heritage?
Kings
58
Kings had complete control, but who do they hire to help with things like taxes, food, law making and large building projects?
Officials
59
Who were believed to be Demi-gods and each city-state had its own god to look over them?
Kings
60
What is described by the below: - Polytheistic - Theocracy - Ziggurat
Religion
61
Did the Sumerians believe in nature gods?
Yea
62
How did the Sumerians worship the nature gods?
They would make animal sacrifices and offerings in hope to appease the gods, so they could influence nature positively
63
Who was the god of air?
Enlil
64
Who was the god of water?
Enki
65
What did the process of early conquerors look like)
- religious leaders first help power - wars lead to military leaders coming to power - leaders begin to conquer nearby villages - Empires start to form
66
What was the order of conquers in Mesopotamia?
1.) Akkadian or Sargon (2350 - 2100) 2.) Akkadian Empire fell (2100 - 1750 3.) Babylonians take control (1750 - 1600) 4.) Hittites attack and take control (1600 -1100) 5.) Assyrian rise to power (1100 - 609) 6.) New Babylonian Empire created (609 - 500) 7.) The Persian Empire formed (500)
67
Who took control over Sumer in 2350 BCE and combined all the city-states for the 1st time, uniting Sumer?
Sargon of Akkadian
68
What was the 1st empire in the world and adopted Sumerian culture and beliefs when they conquered them?
Sargon of Akkadian
69
How long did the Akkadian Empire last?
250 years until 2100 BCE
70
What happened when the Akkadian Empire fell and lasted for 400 years (2100-1750)
The city-states regained their independence
71
When did the Babylonians take control for the first time and how long did the rule last?
1750 - 1690
72
What happened when the Babylonians took control the 1st time
They united the city states again under Imperial rule
73
Why did the 1st Babylonian Empire fall?
Due to weak leadership
74
Who was king of the 1st Babylonian Empire from 1790-1750?
Hammurabi
75
Hammurabi was know for all the following except? A.) Hammurabi’s code B.) “an eye for an eye” C.) laws applied differently to the rich and poor D.) laws were based on fairness, justice and family. E.) kept the religion the same
E
76
What was the 1sr written code of laws?
Hammurabi’s code
77
Hiw long did the Hitties rule?
500 years from 1600 - 1100
78
What superior technology gave the Hittites an edge in their military?
Used iron weapons and chariots They were the first the smelt iron starting the Iron Age
79
Who did the Hittites fall to and when did this happen?
They fell to the Assyrian Empire in 1100
80
What was the Assyrian Empire known as?
Masters of war
81
The Assyrian Emipre took over Babylon in 1100?. How long did it take them to conquer all of Mesopotamia?
400 years by 700 BCE
82
What Empire built a vast empire across the Fertile Crescent and Egypt?
ASSYRIAN empire
83
Who made Nineveh their capital?
Assyrian Empire
84
Sennacherib and Ashurbanipal were leaders of what Empire?
Assyrian
85
What ruthless leader of the Assyrian Empire burned Babylon?
Sennacherib
86
Who was one of the last great kings of the Assyrian Empire?
Ashurbanipal
87
Which was not a military advancement of the Assyrian Empire? A.) skilled archers and iron weapons B.) used ladders and tunnels for access C.) brutal tactics: impalement, slavery, and destruction D.) invented the lock and key system E.) Created the bow and arrow F.) created the first expansive, connective paved road system
E
88
How did the Assyrian Empire fall? When did this happen?
1.) they were attacked by groups they once defeated. 2.) their capital, Nineveh, was destroyed by the Chaldeans and allies 3.) the Chaldeans revive Babylon 609 BCE
89
When did the new Babylonian Empire start?
609 BCE
90
Who founded the new Babylonian Empire?
Chaldeans and allies
91
Who leads the new Babylonian Empire?
Nebuchadnezzar
92
Who had the gray hanging gardens of Babylon built?
Nebuchadnezzar
93
What empire ends all the conquering of Mesopotamia?
The Persian empire
94
What was the largest empire the world had ever seen?
The Persian Empire
95
What empire was lead by Cyrus, Cambyses and Darius I
The Persian Empire
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