Unit 2 Test - Social Dev.

Question 1

Temperament

Answer 1

the basic emotional style appearing in early development, largely genetic

Question 2

Temperament Study

Answer 2

NY Longitudinal study (30yrs):
Results:
1) Easy (40%) - calm, chill, can adapt
2) Difficult (10%) - fussy, can’t adapt
3) Slow to warmup (15%) - Shy but did adapt
4) Average (35%) - range of responses

Question 3

What model did this study come up with?

Answer 3

Goodness-of-fit model: a child’s development is optimized when environment is adapted to child’s temperament characteristics

Question 4

Attachment

Answer 4

the strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest

Question 5

Attachment

Answer 5

Harlow & Zimmerman (1959)
- is feeding cause of attachment?
- wire mother (fed) vs cloth mother (did not feed)
- infant monkey was placed in a cage with 2 mothers

Results:
- monkeys went to cloth mother bc contact comfort and sense of security
- when scared they went to cloth mother

Question 6

Bowboy’s Ecological Theory on Attachment

Answer 6

Strange Situation Procedure
- series of separations and reunions of infants with their mothers

Results:
60% secure - child cries when w/ stranger, stops crying when mom returns

15-20% insecure avoidant - no reaction when mom leaves or returns

15-20% insecure anxious - w/o mom would cry and still cry when mom was back

5-10% disorganized - sometimes avoidant, sometimes shocked at moms return

Question 7

Attachment is influenced by

Answer 7

quality of care & attachment styles (which can change overtime)

Question 8

Baumrind’s Experiment on Parenting

Answer 8

Procedure:
- interviewed parents
- home & lab observations of parent-child interactions

Measured:
- control/demandingness
- warmth/responsiveness

Results:
Authoritative - lots of structure & lots of warmth (optimal!)

Authoritarian (think: authority figure) - lots of structure & little warmth

Permissive - (best friend parents) low structure & lots of warmth

Uninvolved/neglectful - low structure & low warmth

Question 9

Limitations of Baumrind’s research

Answer 9

1) not generalisable - studied only white families
2) direction of causality - temperament and attachment can affect parenting & vice versa (so the question is what influences what?)

Question 10

Erikson’s Social Development Theory

Answer 10

Came up with 8 stages
Each has a psychosocial crisis: dilemma concerning individiuals’ relation to other people

Question 11

1) Infancy - birth to 18months

Answer 11

Crisis: trust vs mistrust
- can i trust my caregivers?

Outcome: hope

Question 12

2) Early Childhood - 18 months to 3yrs

Answer 12

Crisis: autonomy vs shame and doubt
- autonomy: kids exploring by themselves
- shame & doubt: parents telling them no

outcome: will to do diff things

Question 13

3) Preschool - 3 to 6yrs

Answer 13

Crisis: Initiative vs guilt
- initiative: child takes initiative and parents reinforce with praise
- guilt: introduced to criticism, rules & boundaries through language

outcome: purpose - exploring other things

Question 14

4) School age - 6 to 12yrs

Answer 14

crisis: industry vs inferiority
- industry: taking further initiative
- inferiority: comparison to peers and learned ideas of success

outcome: competence - developing an awareness of their strengths & weaknesses

Question 15

5) adolescence - 12 to 18yrs

Answer 15

crisis: identity vs role confusion
outcome: fidelity - understanding the lifelong process of finding who you are

Question 16

6) Young adulthood - 19 to 40yrs

Answer 16

crisis: intimacy vs isolation
outcome: love

Question 17

7) Middle Adulthood - 40yrs to 65yrs

Answer 17

crisis: generativity vs stagnation
- generativity: contributing to society, establishing a legacy, feeling productive
- stagnation: feeling unproductive, not moving forward

outcome: care

Question 18

8) Old Age - 65 yrs to grave

Answer 18

crisis: integrity vs despair
- integrity: development of self respect for long life
- despair: feeling regretful at life

outcome: wisdom - lessons gained from life experiences

Question 19

Criticisms of Erikson’s Theory

Answer 19

• research was done mostly on men
• no biological or cognitive contributions

Question 20

Advantages of Erikson’s Theory

Answer 20

• helps explain psychosocial development variations