Unit 2: Topic 7

Question 1

There are ______ extant species _____ species are extinct(~850 billion).

Answer 1

1.7 million
Most

Question 2

What is molecular genetics?

Answer 2

The study of the structure and function of genes at a molecular level.

Question 3

Genetics:

Answer 3

The study of hereditary and variation in cells, individuals, and populations.

Question 4

Genes:

Answer 4

Functional unit of hereditary and variation.

Question 4

Genotype:

Answer 4

The specific genes inherited by an individual.

Question 5

Genome:

Answer 5

All the genetic information of an organism(entire DNA sequence).

Question 5

Gene:

Answer 5

Specific DNA sequence that codes for a specific mRNA(+ protien or RNA).

Question 6

Allele:

Answer 6

Variant forms of a gene caused by differences in DNA sequence.

Question 7

Phenotype:

Answer 7

Visible traits.

Question 8

Gene expression:

Answer 8

Turning on a gene to produce a RNA and protien, turns genotype to phenotype.

Question 9

What is the central dogma of biology?

Answer 9

Chromosome- genes- Transcription(synthesis of RNA)-RNA-Translation(synthesis of a protien)-Protien. *if the RNA is coding(mRNA)
Chromosmes-gene-Transcription-noncoding RNA. *IF the RNA is noncoding(RNA).

Question 10

Protien expression effects the _____ and _______ of proteins in a cell.

Answer 10

Type
Abundance

Question 11

Proteins ultimately _______ the phenotype because they ____ every reaction.

Answer 11

Determine
Control

Question 12

Structural protiens:

Answer 12

Maintian cell shape(keratin)

Question 13

Signalling proteins

Answer 13

Hormones and receptors.

Question 14

What are the 2 reasons for phenotypic variation?

Answer 14

1) different alleles- slight variation in gene sequence.
2) Different regulations- of gene and protien expression

Question 15

Trait:

Answer 15

Any characteristic of an individual that is heritable.

Question 16

What did Gregor Mendel discover?

Answer 16

Heritable traits result from maxing of particulate factors, 2 copies from each parent.

Question 17

Individuals have _____ copies of _____ chromosome.

Answer 17

Two
One

Question 18

What is meiosis?

Answer 18

Cell divison that occurs in homologous chromosomes that seperate independently into 4 daughter cells with half of the number of chromosomes.

Question 19

Gamete:

Answer 19

Have one copy of each chromosome.

Question 20

Zygote:

Answer 20

The random combination of two gametes.

Question 21

What are chromosomes made of?

Answer 21

Proteins(50-60%) and DNA(40-50%).

Question 22

Proteins are complex enough to _____ __________ ___________.

Answer 22

Store heritable information.

Question 23

DNA purpose in a chromosome:

Answer 23

Simple and limited structure(4 nucliec bases) play a structural role.

Question 24

What were the 3 experiments that proved DNA as the hereditary molecule?

Answer 24

1. Griffith( Genetic transformation) 2. Avery, Macleod, McCarthy(DNA is transforming principle). 3. Hershey and Chase(Found confirming evidence)

Question 25

Rough R Strain:

Answer 25

Benign, no polysaccharide capsule, cannot evade the immune system and therefore cannot cause infection.

Question 25

Streptococcus pneumoniae:

Answer 25

Bacterial pathogen that causes pneumonia in mammals.

Question 26

Smooth S strain:

Answer 26

Virulent strain, polysaccharide capsule protects it from the immune system and allows for infection.

Question 27

How did Griffith establish his theory of the transforming principle?

Answer 27

He noticed that when S cells were heat-killed, the molecules could transform the living R cells genetically into S cells

Question 28

The transformation in R cells was ________ and ________.

Answer 28

Permanent Heritable(all progeny cells in the colony were the same type)

Question 29

Avery et. al believed the transforming principle was either ___, ____, or, _______.

Answer 29

DNA RNA Protien

Question 30

How did Avery et. al go about testing their theory/

Answer 30

Killed each molecule in the S cell to see if transformation of R cells into S cells occurred. If the mouse died the transformation occurred.

Question 31

Eliminated protien with ________, RNA with __________, and DNA with __________.

Answer 31

Addition of protase Addition of RNAse Addition of DNAse

Question 32

Hershey and chase confirmed DNA is the transforming molecule by using _____________ and its host cell ______.

Answer 32

Bacteriophage viruses E. colli

Question 33

Lytic Infection:

Answer 33

Massive reproduction of virus resulting in host cell lysis

Question 34

First stage of the life cycle of a bacteriophage:

Answer 34

After attachent the virus genetic material is injected into the host and the phage coat remains outside.

Question 35

Second stage of the life cycle of a bacteriophage:

Answer 35

Viral DNA takes over the host, hundreds of copies are made and progeny virus burst from the host.

Question 35

Third stage of the life cycle of a bacteriophage:

Answer 35

DNA uses phosphorus but not sulgur

Question 36

Fourth stage of the life cycle of a bacteriophage:

Answer 36

Some amino acids use sulfur but no phosphate.

Question 37

Experiment developed two different populations of viruses:

Answer 37

1) One with radioactive phosphorus in its DNA. 2) One with radioactive sulfur in it's proteins

Question 37

Sulfur ______ ____ found in the E.coli host cell, _______ is not the genetic material. Phosphorus ___ found in the E.coli host cell, _____ is the genetic material.

Answer 37

Was not protien Was DNA