Unit: Topic Five

Question 1

What is the reaction of aerobic respiration?

Answer 1

Reaction where glucose is burned in oxygen to create h2o and co2, with the release of heat. Uses the free energy fro glucose and transports it to other molecules(NAHD, FADH2, ATP) when coupled.

Question 2

Aerobic respiration is a ________ reaction and is _______ to create productive products.

Answer 2

Combustion
Coupled

Question 3

Glucose is ___________ as it forms carbon dioxide(Carbon atoms move farther away). Oxygen is _______ as it forms h2o( oxygen atoms move closer to the nuclie).

Answer 3

Oxidized
Reduced

Question 4

Reduced energy carriers:

Answer 4

Energy carriers in their reduced form that stores reduction potiential, and moves electrons fro one reaction to another.

Question 5

NAD+ in its reduced form ________
NADP+ in its reduced form ________
FAD in its reduced form

Answer 5

NADH
NADPH
FADH2

Question 6

What is glycolisis?

Answer 6

The partial reduction of glucose that produces 2 pyruvate molecules.

Question 7

How many reactions are apart of glycolisis?

Answer 7

10 Connected reaction(3 coupled) catabolized by 10 different enzymes.

Question 8

What is the net gain of glycolisis?

Answer 8

2ATP
2NADH

Question 9

How is ATP generated in glycolisis:

Answer 9

Through subsrate level phosphorylation, transfer of a phosphate from an organic molecule to ADP to ATP.

Question 10

After glycolisis ther is still _______ of energy _____ in pyruvate.

Answer 10

Lots
Trapped

Question 11

After glycolisis the cell needs to _______ NAD+ to allow _______ to continue.

Answer 11

Restore
Glycolisis

Question 12

Fermentation:

Answer 12

The reduction of pyruvate that occurs when oxygen is limited, either produces lactate or ethanol and CO2.

Question 13

What is the purpose of fermentation?

Answer 13

To continue glycolisis by reoxidizing NADH to NAD+.

Question 14

Glycolisis occurs in the _________ and fermentation occurs in __________, and oxidation of pyruvate occurs in _________, fermentation occurs in the _____________, the kreb cycle occurs in the _____________ and the ETC occurs in the_____________.

Answer 14

Cytosol
Cytosol
Mitochondrial Matrix
Intermembrane compartment
Matrix
Intermitochondrial membrane

Question 15

What happens in the oxidation of pyruvate?

Answer 15

Pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl-coA, called the bridge reaction as it connects glycolisis to the kreb cycle.

Question 16

What is the input per pyruvate for the bridge reaction?

Answer 16

Pyruvate, coA, NAD+.

Question 17

What is the output per pyruvate for the bridge reaction?

Answer 17

CO2, NADH2, acetyl-coA.

Question 18

How does pyruvate enter the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 18

Moves through an integral membrane protien by a symport through the cytosol, into the matrix.

Question 19

What is the citric acid/ Krebs cycle?

Answer 19

Finishes the oxidation of glucose to CO2.

Question 20

How many reactions are involved in the Krebs cycle?

Answer 20

8 connected reactions(some coupled) each with its own enzyme.

Question 21

What is the reaction of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 21

Acetyl-coA+ oxaloacetate create citrate, which is then oxidized to make 2CO2 and regenerate OAA

Question 22

What is the net gain of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 22

3NADH
3FADH2
1 ATP

Question 23

Intermediates:

Answer 23

Fats and protiens that are broken down so that they can enter the citric acid cyle and glycolysis, can be used as a source of carbon in biosythesis.

Question 24

What is the main goal of the electron transport chain?

Answer 24

To transport an electron from NADH/FADH2(reduction potiential) to oxygen.

Question 25

How do electrons flow through the ETC?

Answer 25

Is redox driven, electrons flow to an increasingly electronegative prosthetic group until they reach the final electron acceptor-O2.

Question 26

Step one(ETC):

Answer 26

NADH in the matrix with donate electrons to complex 1, which reduces complex one.

Question 27

Step two(ETC):

Answer 27

Complex 1 pumps H+ from the matrix to the IMS.

Question 28

Step three(ETC):

Answer 28

FADH2 in the matrix donates electrons to complex 2(does not pump protiens).

Question 29

Step four(ETC):

Answer 29

Ubiquinone(UQ) is the first electron taxi(hydrophobic) and taxis electrons from complex 1 to 3.

Question 30

Step five(ETC):

Answer 30

UQ taxis electrons fro complex 2 to 3.

Question 31

Step six(ETC):

Answer 31

Electrons flow fro complex 3 to cytochrome c(CYT c)

Question 32

Step seven(ETC):

Answer 32

Cyt c(hydrophilic) shudders electrons from complex 3-4

Question 33

Step eight(ETC):

Answer 33

As electrons flow from complex 3 to 4 H+ are pumped into the IMS.

Question 34

Step nine(ETC):

Answer 34

COmplex 4 donates electron to O2 which is reduced to H20.

Question 35

Proton motive force:

Answer 35

H+ electrochemical gradient that allows for H+ to be lowered into the matrix to reduce O2 to H2O.

Question 36

Chemiosmosis:

Answer 36

Uses proton motive forces potential energy to power ATP synthase, as H+ move through ATP synthase energy is used to make ATP from ADP+Pi.

Question 37

ATP synthase:

Answer 37

Has two parts: 1) Fo-rotates to create energy for ATP creation, and 2) F1 creates ATP at the catalytic sites.

Question 38

What is the total ATP yeild of cellular respiration?

Answer 38

32 bur can be as high as 38.

Question 39

Why does variation in ATP yeild occur?

Answer 39

1) If some of the proton motive force is used for other purposes. 2) Some NADH/FADH2 are used in other biochemical reactions.

Question 40

Metabolic integration:

Answer 40

When ATP is not needed glucose can be stored as polymer like glucose or starch, or tryglcerides for even longer storage.

Question 41

Chemoorganohetertroph:

Answer 41

Organisms that use organic molecules for both their carbon and energy source, can be generated using acetyl-coA instead of going trhough the krebs cycle.

Question 42

Aerobic respiration in prokaryotes:

Answer 42

Occurs in the cytosol and on the cell membrane, but is otherwise the same.

Question 43

Anerobic respiration:

Answer 43

No oxygen, only occurs in prokaryotes, uses final electron acceptor SO4, NO3 instead of O2, otherwise the same.

Question 44

Chemolithotrophy:

Answer 44

Gets energy from inorganic molecules, only occurs in prokaryotic cells. Uses primary electron donors other than NADH/FADH2, does not rewuire glycolisis, fementation, or Krebs.