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unit 303 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 different groups of micro-organisms?

A

funghi
Bacteria
virus
prions

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2
Q

tell me about funghi?

A

Largest of micro-organisms
Plant based - (yeasts, moulds, mushrooms)
Can cause disease in humans
Candida is present in the oral cavity
Denture stomatitis, thrush, angular cheilitis

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3
Q

what is candida albicans?

A

oral thrush and denture stomatitus

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4
Q

what medicine is used to treat candida albicans

A

Nystatin, amphotericin lozenges, miconazole gel

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5
Q

what is bacteria?

A

Single celled micro-organisms
Sub-divide into groups according to their shape

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6
Q

what are the subdivisions of bacteria?

A

bacilli
cocci
spirochaetes

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7
Q

what shape are spirochaetes?

A

spiral shape

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8
Q

an example of spirochaetes bacteria?

A

borrelia vincenti

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9
Q

what condition does the spirochaete borrelia vincenti cause?

A

ANUG Acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitus

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10
Q

what shape are cocci bacteria?

A

round shape and are usually in chains or clumps

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11
Q

what are three types of cocci bacteria?

A

Staphylacoccus Aureus
Streptococci Mutans
Streptococci Viridians

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12
Q

how does staphylacoccus Aureus grow?

A

grows in clumps

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13
Q

what does staphylacoccus aureus cause?

A

Skin infection-usually boils

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14
Q

what is the streptococci shape?

A

string of beads

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15
Q

what does streptococci mutans cause?

A

Dental decay?

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16
Q

what does streptococci viridians cause?

A

dental abscess

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17
Q

what causes impetigo?

A

staphylococcus and streptococcus

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18
Q

are spores bacteria?

A

Yes?

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19
Q

what is the profile of spores?

A

Bacteria survive as spores when conditions are not ideal
Tiny seed like granules surrounded by a tough protective coating
Highly resistant to destruction
Only way to destroy is sterilisation at high temperatures

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20
Q

what is an example of spores?

A

Clostiridum Difficile (C Diff)

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21
Q

Describe a virus

A

Smaller than bacteria
Cannot be seen under ordinary microscope
Most unaffected by drugs

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22
Q

examples of illness’s caused by virus’s?

A

Influenza, Mumps, Herpes, Hep A,B,C,
Aids, HIV, COVID

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23
Q

what is hep B

A

Is an inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
Is present in the blood of people suffering from the disease, and this is how it is transmitted.
Carriers – may be unaware
Is highly infective

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24
Q

what is hep C

A

Is a disease that causes inflammation and infection of the liver:
Unlike Hepatitis B
no vaccine for Hepatitis C
Transmitted through blood to blood contact
It can be passed through:
Organ transplants, sharing items like razors or toothbrushes, sharing needles, childbirth

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25
what is the herpes simplex virus commonly known as?
cold sores
26
what can hsv be treated with?
acyclovir
27
what does herpes zoster cause?
shingles and chicken pox
28
what is the epstein-barr virus also known as ?
Glandular fever (kissing disease)
29
what gland does the mumps virus attack?
the salivary gland also known as the parotid
30
what is meningitus ?
Meningitis is an infection of the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord (meninges)
31
what is a prion?
A prion is a " infectious protein particle" that lacks genetic material (like DNA or RNA). It is a folded protein in the brain that can cause normal proteins to also misfold, leading to a chain reaction.
32
is a prion the smallest micro-organism ?
yes
33
what is an example of a disease caused by a prion
CJD Creutzfeldt Jacob Disease
34
Where can prions remain?
Instrument contamination- as prions are Resistant to standard sterilisation techniques and UV radiation, inhalation through aerosols, can accumulate in the tissues(pulp).
35
what causes CJD
a build up of prions in the brain and nerves, causing nerve cell damage
36
if a pt has CJD what type of instruments should be used?
single use instruments
37
what is active immunity?
immunity developed after the body makes its own antibodies
38
what are the two types of active immunity?
artificial and natural
39
what is artificial immunity?
antibodies made after an injection
40
what is Natural immunity?
antibodies made after an infection?
41
what is passive immunity?
immunity acquired from receiving antibodies from another organism e.g. natural from mother or artificial from a transfusion
42
what is the bodies response to a local infection?
Heat Redness (Erythema) Swelling (inflammation) Pain Loss of function
43
what does a local infection mean?
The pathogen is only present at the original site of infection.
44
what is the bodies response to a systemic infection?
Fever (pyrexia) General fatigue Chills
45
what does a systemic infection mean?
The pathogen is carried to other parts of the body by blood, lymph.
46
what is the definition of sterilisation?
The killing/destruction of ALL micro-organisms including spores Types:- Autoclave (Steam penetration) Gamma-irradiation
47
what are the stages of the decon life cycle?
transport, cleaning, disinfection, inspection, packaging, sterilisation, transport, storage, use
48
what are the three ways to clean before sterilisation?
manual washer-disinfector ultrasonic bath
49
what happens if hollow instruments are not dismantled and cleaned properly?
Dental handpieces, turbines and ultrasonic scalers will become contaminated from the oral cavity during usage. These will be drawn into the narrow lumens of hollow instruments and then back to the air and water hosing system due to physical retraction forcesIf internal lumens and crevices are not ultra-clean, the sterilisation process will only succeed in sterilising the surface of the biofilm in the internal lumen and crevices. This will result in viable micro-organisms from the interior of the biofilm to be liberated and sprayed into the patient’s mouth.
49
Dental handpieces, turbines, ultrasonic scalers and (three in one) syringes require particular attention, what is this?
Hollow instruments with narrow internal lumen require proper and careful maintenance and should be dismantled prior to sterilisation.All hollow instruments must be subjected to a flushing procedure as well as autoclaving after treatment of each patient
50
how do ultrasonic baths clean instruments?
Ultrasonic dental baths use high-frequency sound waves (typically 25–42 kHz) passed through a cleaning solution to create millions of microscopic bubbles, a process called cavitation. These bubbles grow and implode, creating intense, microscopic scrubbing actions that remove contaminants from instruments or appliances, even in hard-to-reach crevices
51
how do you work an ultrasonic bath?
Must use basket Beaker or strainer can be used for small items DO NOT overfill Always close the lid to prevent aerosols Change solution at end of each session Joints, hinges of instruments fully opened or disassembled if required. Temp of water can affect the solution activity so use cold water. Solution should have a UKCA mark, it must clean and disinfect, follow instructions and check the contact time. Instruments should be overloaded and overlap each other Do not disturb mid cycle Instruments must be rinsed thoroughly afterwards
52
what type of clean is best practice?
a washer - disinfector
53
what are the five parts of the disinfection cycle of a wash-disinfector?
flush, wash, rinse, thermal disinfect and dry
54
what do autoclaves do?
steam instruments under pressure
55
what are the three types of autoclaves ?
type N does not remove air before steam, type S and type B (type s and B remove air from chamber to allow steam to penetrate).
56
what temp does type N have to get to and for how long?
134 degrees for three mins
57
how does a type B autoclave work?
Class B Autoclaves (Big): They are the most advanced and versatile and are recommended for a dental clinic according to the European Standard 13060. Class B autoclaves use a pre-sterilization vacuum system that removes air from the chamber before steam penetration, ensuring perfect sterilization of all types of instruments, including porous ones with blind spots, such as turbines or contra-angles.
58
what bar pressure do autoclaves have to reach?
2.25
59
how much pressure do release per square inch
32lbs
60
what are the two types of tests for autoclaves
the bowie-dick test and the helix test(done daily)
61
ultrasonic activity test?
Daily – Visual cleaning efficacy test, remove and clean strainers and filters, drain machine at the end of the session/day Weekly – safety checks, residual protein test, soil test (manufacturers digression) Quarterly – automated control test, verification of calibration, cleaning efficiency test, ultrasonic activity Annually – completion of all validation tests
62
what is the ultrasonic foil test?
this is when aluminium foil strips are placed in a grid and into the ultrasonic bath. Record a pass if all strips have been eroded consistently and uniformly. The areas of maximum erosion should be at similar positions and visual inspections should show consistent erosion. Compare these to previous tests to ensure consistent erosion patterns and identify any changes to pattern. Changes to usual patterns require further investigation as it could indicate a transducer failure. Record a failure if no erosion has taken place or it is outside of the normal pattern.
63
washer disinfector tests?
Daily – remove and clean strainers and filters, cleaning efficiency Weekly – safety checks, protein residue test Quarterly – safety checks, automatic control test, cleaning efficiency test, chemical dosing, thermometric disinfection test Annually – completion of all validation tests
64
what are the regular tests for the autoclave?
Daily – Steam penetration test, Automatic control test Weekly – Air leakage test (door seals) Residual air test, Quarterly – Thermostatic Tests, Annually – Dryness Tests, Steam generator overhead cutout test
65
how are dental sundries sterilised by manufactures?
gamma radiatione.g. syringes
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