unit 305

Question 1

What is the function of the heart?

Answer 1

Protected by the ribcage

Acts as a pump

Keeps blood moving round the body which transports oxygen required by cells

Question 1

What makes up the structure of the heart?

Answer 1

The heart is made up of four chambers.
1. The atria (Right and left) - these are the top chambers, they have thin walls and receive blood from veins
2. Ventricles (Right and Left)- these are the lower chambers, they are thicker walls, that need to push blood through the arteries
3. Valves- ensure the blood flows in one direction

Question 2

What are the names of the four valves in the heart?

Answer 2

Pulmonary valve-to the lungs
Tricuspid valve- allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle
Aortic valve- oxygenated blood around the body
Mitral Valve- allows blood to flow from left atrium to left ventricle

Question 3

What is pulmonary circulation and what side of heart?

Answer 3

When the heart pumps deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs via the pulmonary artery- right side of heart

Question 4

What is systemic circulation and what side of heart?

Answer 4

where the heart pumps oxygenated blood around the body- left side of heart

Question 5

What are the components of blood?

Answer 5

1. Red blood cells
2. White blood cells
3. Platelets
4. Plasma

Question 6

What do red blood cells do?

Answer 6

Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, they contain haemoglobin giving blood its colour

Question 7

What is another name for red blood cells?

Answer 7

Erthrocytes

Question 8

What do white blood cells do?

Answer 8

Fight infections and diseases, they play a vital role in the immune system and make up around 1% of blood

Question 9

What is another name for white blood cells?

Answer 9

Leukocytes

Question 10

What do platelets do?

Answer 10

Platelets clot blood to stop bleeding and help heal wounds- these are the smallest blood cell fragments

Question 11

What is another name for platelets?

Answer 11

Thrombocytes

Question 12

What is plasma and what does it do?

Answer 12

Plasma is the liquid component of the blood and it is a yellow liquid that transports the cells, nutrients, hormones and waste products

Question 13

What is haemoglobin and what does it do?

Answer 13

Haemoglobin is a protein that is found in the red blood cells. It combines with oxygen to be transported round the body by the cell

Question 14

What is the structure of a red blood cell?

Answer 14

Bi-concave shape
No nucleus
Small and flexible to fit through blood vessels
No organelles

Question 15

Where are white blood cells produced?

Answer 15

in the bone marrow

Question 16

which side of the heart is oxygenated

Answer 16

left side

Question 17

what does a white blood cell do?

Answer 17

Create antibodies to fight against bacteria and viruses also to kill and digest bacteria

Question 18

Where are platelets made?

Answer 18

These are made in the bone marrow

Question 18

what is haemostasis?

Answer 18

This is when platelets come together to plug a hole in blood vessels and stopping blood flow

Question 19

what are the functions of plasma?

Answer 19

Coagulation
immunity
blood pressure and volume maintenance
Ph balance
Transportation
Body temp

Question 20

What are the three types of blood vessels?

Answer 20

veins
Arterie
Capillaries

Question 20

What is INR and what does it test

Answer 20

International normalised ratio- this measures the time for blood to clot, it monitors blood thinning medicines or blood clotting issues

Question 21

What do arteries do ?

Answer 21

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart an example is the pulmonary artery, they have high pressure, strong pulse and thick walls

Question 22

What do Veins do?

Answer 22

They return deoxygenated blood back to the heart via pulmonary vein. They have lower pressure and have valves in their lumen to prevent backflow

Question 23

What do capillaries do

Answer 23

The capillaries are the exchange network, they are small vessels connecting arteries and veins. It is the site where nutrients and waste exchange

Question 24

What is the lumen?

Answer 24

The lumen is a hollow tube like space that carries blood.

Question 25

What is the journey of blood through the heart?

Answer 25

Body to Right Atrium: Deoxygenated blood returns from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium. Right Atrium to Right Ventricle: The right atrium contracts, pushing blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Right Ventricle to Lungs: The right ventricle pumps the blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs for oxygenation. Lungs to Left Atrium: Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. Left Atrium to Left Ventricle: The left atrium contracts, pushing blood through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. Left Ventricle to Body: The left ventricle (the heart's strongest chamber) pumps oxygen-rich blood through the aortic valve into the aorta, distributing it to the rest of the body.

Question 26

what does a pulse indicate?

Answer 26

A pulse indicates the rate, regularity and strength of the heart beat

Question 27

Where can a pulse be taken?

Answer 27

Cartoid artery-neck Brachial artery-inside elbow Radial artery- wrist Fermoral artery-groin

Question 28

What are types of cardiovascular disease

Answer 28

Coronary artery disease Hypertensive heart disease stroke Myocardial infarction Peripheral artery disease Arrhythmia Heart failure

Question 29

What do the coronary arteries do?

Answer 29

To supply blood to the heart muscle

Question 30

Where are coronanry arteries located

Answer 30

Wrapped around the heart

Question 31

What happens when an artery is blocked

Answer 31

Reduced or block blood flow Atherosclerosis-clogged with fatty substances called plaques Can increase likelihood of heart attack

Question 32

What is average heart rate

Answer 32

60-100bpm

Question 33

What does the respiratory system do?

Answer 33

This is the system used for breathing

Question 34

What organs are included in the respiratory system?

Answer 34

Nose, Throat, Larynx, Trachea, Lungs, Bronchi and Heart

Question 35

What is Inhalation

Answer 35

Breathing in

Question 36

Exhalation

Answer 36

Breathing out

Question 37

what is the respiratory system responsible for

Answer 37

Carrying oxygen from the air to the bloodstream Expelling carbon dioxide and other gases from the bloodstream… Gaseous exchange occurs in the lungs (which are situated in the chest, one on each side of the heart) The chest forms a protective cage for the heart and lungs

Question 38

what does average respiration rate (RR) measure?

Answer 38

Number of breath per minute

Question 39

What are types of lung disease?

Answer 39

pulmonary fibrosis tuberculosis COPD ASTHMA BRONCHITIS Cystic Fibrosis Lung Cancer Pneumonia

Question 40

what is external respiration

Answer 40

is when oxygen goes to alveoli/lungs

Question 41

what is internal respiration?

Answer 41

oxygen going to cells

Question 42

what do alveoli do?

Answer 42

Gas Exchange (Diffusion): Alveoli allow oxygen to enter the blood and carbon dioxide (a waste product) to be removed during breathing. Oxygen Transfer: Oxygen inhaled into the alveoli passes through their thin walls into surrounding capillaries to be carried throughout the body by hemoglobin. Carbon Dioxide Removal: Carbon dioxide, carried in the blood, moves into the alveoli to be exhaled. Surface Area Maximization: With around 480 million in the lungs, they provide a massive, moist surface area to ensure efficient gas exchange. Surfactant Production: Alveoli are coated with a fluid called surfactant, which reduces surface tension and prevents them from collapsing upon exhalation.

Question 43

What does pyrexia mean?

Answer 43

High body temperature

Question 44

what blood vessels contain valves?

Answer 44

veins

Question 45

How much adrenaline would be administered for a cardiac arrest

Answer 45

1:10,000

Question 46

How much adrenaline for epilepsy

Answer 46

1:1,000

Question 47

what does tonic clonic mean

Answer 47

epiletic seizure

Question 48

what is another word for a heart attack

Answer 48

a myocardial infarction