1
Q
Skepticism
A
- questioning all beliefs and knowledge
2
Q
Scientific Revolution
A
- the 16th (1500s) and 17th (1600s) centuries in Europe
- transformed the views of society about nature
- developments in math, science, biology
3
Q
Scientific Method
A
- a process through which new scientific knowledge is proposed though questioning and observation.
4
Q
Geocentric Model of the Solar system
A
Roman astronomer, Ptolemy, refined this earth centered model of the solar system around the 2nd century C.E.
- “sun being the center”
5
Q
Heliocentric Model of the Solar System
A
Copernicus in the early 1500s, proposed the heliocentric model, in which planets orbit around the sun.
6
Q
The Inquisition
A
The Roman Catholic church established the Roman Inquisition , or a period where people were investigated for heresy (against the church).
- Many scientists were put on trial for challenging long held hours
7
Q
Regents Multiple Choice 1
A
Seventeenth century scholars Galileo Galilei and Rene Descarters faced serious challenges for their theories because their ideas contradicted traditional medieval European beliefs.
8
Q
Regents Multiple Choice 2
A
Which individual is correctly paired with an individual who further developed his ideas?
Nicolaus Copernicus —> Galileo Galilei
9
Q
Galileo Background
A
Galileo Galilei was a scientist. His dad always made him learn medicine but he decided to follow his own passion which was mathematics. In his opinion math was the key to the universe. He did a lot of research and established that The sun was the center of the universe, not the earth. He published the book and supported with evidence. It was against the church beliefs and the Bible, so they asked him to remove the book. Galileo protested and didn’t do anything so he was later imprisoned for the rest of his life. (when he was 70, to 79 when he eventually died without seeing the street again).
10
Q
Monarch
A
- A king or a queen, leader of the monarchy.
- A monarch’s power is hereditary, or passed down from the father to son
11
Q
Divine Right Theory
A
- Monarchs suggested that their power to rule came from God, (like the Mandate of Heaven), used to justify their rule
12
Q
Age of Absolutism
A
The 17th and 18th centuries in which many parts of Europe were ruled by monarchs who asserted complete control over their domains
13
Q
Most important idea of an absolut leader
A
Control region and religious authorities - to justify their power with God
14
Q
Historical circumferences that gave rise to absolute rulers in the 17th-18th centuries in Europe
A
- What led to the rise of absolute monarchs in the 17th and 18th centuries was the Protestant Reformation. The Roman Catholic Church would lose political power so monarchies will justify their rule using Divine Right.
15
Q
Iberian Peninsula
A
- A peninsula in southwest Europe occupied by Spain and Portugal
16
Q
Isabella and Ferdinand (ff- their daughter was the one who Henry the 8th wanted to divorce)
A
- Queen of Castile in 14747
- marriage was the foundation of the unification of Spain
- established the Spanish Inquisition, sponsored Christopher Columbus voyages
17
Q
Extra notes / extra credit
A
maritime - by sea
Charlemagne was the first Holy Roman emperor
In 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed ocean blue
18
Q
Charles V
A
- in 1516 he inherited Spain
- 1519 Holy Roman emperor
- In charge of preventing the speed of Protestantism, although he didn’t stop the Reformation
19
Q
Philip II
A
- took control of Spain throne in 1556
- Spain experienced a golden age, known as the siglo de ore also built El Escorial, a major place that rivaled Louis XIV’s place of Versailles.
20
Q
One way in which Akbar the Great, Suleiman the Magnificent, and Philip II are similar is that they
A
controlled large empires at the height of their power
21
Q
queen Isabella I of Castile (married to Ferdinand)
A
- Funds Christopher Columbus trips in 1492
- Leads the Spain Inquisition : forced Jews and Muslims to convert or leave
22
Q
King Ferdinand II of Aragon
A
Leads the Recoquinsta - kicks Muslim kingdoms out of Spain
United Iberian peninsula
23
Q
Charles V , Holy Roman emperor, Philip II of Spain
A
- Both Spain and Holy Roman Empire
- Tries to stop Protestantism, puts Luther on trial
24
Q
Philip II of spain
A
- Builds El Escorial palace
- Sponsors artists like El Greco
- Funds wars with England and the Ottoman Empire
25
Louis XIV (14th)
- absolute monarch of France (1643-1715) called the sun king
- him being the center of the French state
- centralize power of the monarchy
- centralized the military under his rule
was the absolute monarch because he collected taxes from his nobility and forced people to become catholic
26
Bishop Jacques Beniqne Bossuet
- Louis XIV moved his court there in 1617, designed to glorify the king.
27
The Golden Horde
Mongol conquest of Russia around 1240 until 1480
- wanted monetary tributes
28
Ivan III
- Tsar of Russia from 1462 until 1505
- Russia's second largest ruler
- also called Ivan the Great
- established a centralization of power
29
Tsar/ Czar
- title for the leader of Russia before 1917
30
Romanov Dynasty
The family name of the Russian rulers from 1613 until 1917.
31
Peter I
- reorganized military and nobility
- changed aristocracy into meristocarcy
- eliminated power of a patricarch
tried to westerize
- embraced and valued foreigners
- built St. Petersbrug to grow access to the Baltic Sea
32
standing army
ready to go in times of peace and war
33
Skepticism
- A philosophy that advocates questioning all beliefs and knowledge
34
The Thirty Years War
- fought among many European powers between 1618-1648 over power and religion
- led to skepticism of absolute monarchies
35
The Enlightenment
- an intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and skepticism
- between late 17th to early 19th century
36
The Social Contact
- When a group of people agree to certain limits and accept a central authority in order to protect themselves and their communities
37
The Philosophers believed the government decisions should be based on ...
- laws of nature and reason
38
During the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, many scientists and philosophers
- examined natural laws governing the universe
39
The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers most influenced
- movements for political reform
40
Salon
- gathering of people holding discussions to share ideas and evaluate
- popular during the Enlightenment
41
Role of Women
- salons hosted by women
- argue against religion
- women needed to have access to education
42
Philosopher
- scholar, thinker
- writes about questions concerning, reason, knowledge
43
Natural Rights
- rights that are essential to a person's existance, life, liberty and property
44
Coffee and the Enlightenment
People were drinking alcohol because they didn't have access to clean water. It increases positivity and focus, gives you energy and a messed up sleep cycle.
Coffee shops began to open across western Europe and people began to discuss ideas about politics, science, stocks etc.
45
Paris in the 17th-18th centuries
- largest city in Europe
- Social hierarchy - Estate system
- French Revolution in 1789
46
Laissez Faire
- meaning "leave it to us"
- The government shouldn't interfere with the economy
47
U.S. Branches
U.S. ---> Representative democracy (rn)
1. Judicial Branch : Supreme Court (interprets laws)
2. Legislative Branch : Congress (makes laws)
3. Executive Branch : President + Cabinet (sings/vetos bills)
48
Magna Carta
- created during the Middle Ages (1215 C.E.)
- detailed specific rights of the citizens of England
- monarchs of England no longer had absolute power
49
Parliament
- wealthy landowners met with the English monarch to discuss issues of taxation
- became a legislative body, helping to pass laws
50
Constitutionalism
- a government's authority power is limited by a set of enforceable laws
51
English Civil War
Roundheads (supporters of Parliament) and cavaliers (supporters of the Monarchy) fought between 1642-1651
52
Which document, created in 1215 C.E., limited the power of the English monarchy during the Middle Ages?
The Magna Carta
53
Events closely associated with the following are:
1. Parliament offered the throne to King William and Queen Mary.
2. Catholic King James II fled England for France.
3. Parliament agreed to joint the rule with the monarch
The Glorious Revolution
54
The Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, and the English Bill of Rights were created to
limit the power of English monarchs
55
How did the English Bill of Rights limit the power of England's monarchs?
The English Bill of Rights limited the monarch’s power by requiring the king or queen to work with Parliament. It said only Parliament could make or cancel laws and control taxes. The monarch couldn’t keep a standing army in peacetime or punish people without a fair trial. This made sure no ruler could act like an absolute monarch again.
56
Who developed the heliocentric theory of the universe?
Nicolas Coperrnicus
57
Adam Smith, the prophet and father of laissez-faire, believed that:
the gov't should not interfere with the economy
58
During the Scientific Revolution, what did scientists rely on to make discoveries?
reason and observation
59
Sir Isaac Newton is associated with the laws of...
motion and gravity
60
In Leviathan, who argues that the state must have central authority to manage human behavior?
Thomas Hobbes
61
Who wrote Two Treatises on Government?
John Locke
62
"I might not agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."
Voltaire
63
Who wrote The Social Contract?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
64
Who said, "Men have natural rights of Life, Liberty, Property"?
John Locke
65
Which Enlightenment scholar influenced the the US Constitution on the separation of powers?
Montesquieu
66
What book argues, "The best form of government includes a separation of powers?"
The Spirit of Laws
67
Johann Sebastian Bach and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart became famous for being —
composers
68
Philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled revolution in the Americas and what other country?
France and Haiti
69
Both Louis XIV and Peter the Great were
absolute monarchs
70
Which one of Thomas Jefferson’s documents incorporated Enlightenment ideas?
Declaration of Independence
71
The Age of Absolutism was primarily caused by
the decrease in power of the RCC due to the Protestant Reformation
72
All of the following were aspects of the Enlightenment EXCEPT —
a continuation of papal [pope] authority
73
"Religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; separation of church and state?
Voltaire
74
Which monarch tried to westernize and modernize his country during the Age of Absolutism?
Peter the Great
75
The belief that monarchs receive their authority from God and are answerable God is know as —
Divine Right
76
1. Identify and explain the historical circumstances that led to the Enlightenment:
What led to the Enlightenment was the Scientific Revolution, which encouraged people to think using reason and evidence. Thinkers like Galileo and Newton showed that the world could be understood through science, and this inspired new ideas about government, rights, and freedom.
77
2. Choose two of the Enlightenment philosophers and explain a similarity and a difference:
Two philosophers from the Enlightenment were John Locke and Voltaire. One way these philosophers were similar was that they both believed people should have more freedom. However, these philosophers were different because Locke focused on natural rights like life and property, while Voltaire focused on freedom of speech and religion.
78
3. Why might the Enlightenment be considered a turning point in world history?
A turning point is a big change that affects the future. The Enlightenment was a turning point because it inspired revolutions, new governments, and ideas about human rights that are still important today.
79
sentences
European Monarchs believed that they had been given divine right to rule. Therefore, they thought their power came from God and that no one could question their authority.
The Protestant Reformation began as a way to reform the Catholic Church. However, it led to the creation of new Christian churches and caused major religious wars in Europe.
During the 1700s, many monarchs began to centralize their power. In addition, they took control of taxes, the military, and laws to make their rule stronger.
There are some similarities between European and Chinese governments. For instance, both had strong rulers who believed they were chosen by a higher power to lead.
European monarchs took on many projects to improve their nations. In particular, they built roads, schools, and large palaces like Versailles to show their power.
80
One similarity in the rule of Peter the Great, Suleiman I, and Louis XIV is that each leader
(3) expanded his territory
81
Niccolò Machiavelli in The Prince and Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan both advocated that a ruler should
(4) employ absolute power to maintain order in the areas under their rule
82
The primary goal of most of Europe’s absolute monarchs was to
(3) centralize their political control over their nations
83
An important effect of the Protestant Reformation in Europe was that it strengthened the
(1) power of monarchies
Global
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