1
Q
Farming in which food is produced mainly for the farmer’s family or local community.
A
What is subsistence agriculture?
2
Q
Farming in which crops and livestock are produced primarily for sale and profit.
A
What is commercial agriculture?
3
Q
Agriculture that uses high inputs of labor and capital per unit of land.
A
What is intensive agriculture?
4
Q
Agriculture that uses large areas of land with relatively low inputs of labor and capital.
A
What is extensive agriculture?
5
Q
A farming system where land is cleared, farmed temporarily, and then abandoned to regain fertility.
A
What is shifting cultivation?
6
Q
A method of clearing land by cutting vegetation and burning it to add nutrients to the soil.
A
What is slash-and-burn agriculture?
7
Q
A form of agriculture based on the seasonal movement of livestock to find pasture.
A
What is pastoral nomadism?
8
Q
Large-scale farming that specializes in one or two cash crops for export.
A
What is plantation agriculture?
9
Q
A farming system that grows crops and raises animals on the same farm.
A
What is mixed crop and livestock farming?
10
Q
The commercial production of fruits and vegetables near urban areas.
A
What is market gardening?
11
Q
A period of agricultural innovation that increased food production through mechanization and new farming techniques.
A
What was the Second Agricultural Revolution?
12
Q
The introduction of high-yield seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation to increase food production.
A
What was the Green Revolution?
13
Q
What is one benefit of the Green Revolution?
A
Increased food production and reduced famine.
14
Q
What is one environmental cost of the Green Revolution?
A
Water pollution and soil degradation caused by chemical use.
15
Q
The practice of growing a single crop species over a large area.
A
What is monocropping?
16
Q
Large-scale, corporate-controlled agricultural production.
A
What is agribusiness?
17
Q
The sequence of processes involved in producing, processing, and distributing food.
A
What is a commodity chain?
18
Q
A model that explains agricultural land use based on distance from a central market.
A
What is the Von Thünen Model?
19
Q
Why are perishable goods located closest to markets in the Von Thünen Model?
A
They have high transportation costs and spoil easily.
20
Q
An area with limited access to affordable and nutritious food.
A
What is a food desert?
21
Q
What causes food deserts?
A
Poverty, lack of transportation, and limited grocery stores.
22
Q
What is one solution to food deserts?
A
Urban farming or increased access to grocery stores and farmers markets.
23
Q
Why do women make up a large share of agricultural labor in some LDCs?
A
Agriculture is labor-intensive and less mechanized, and women often manage subsistence farming.
24
Q
What are three barriers women face in agriculture?
A
Economic, cultural, and political barriers.
25
What are the three main rural settlement patterns?
Clustered, dispersed, and linear.
26
What are the main types of agriculture?
Subsistence agriculture and commercial agriculture.
27
Farming that produces food mainly for the farmer’s family or local community.
What is subsistence agriculture?
28
Farming that produces crops or livestock primarily for sale and profit.
What is commercial agriculture?
29
Large-scale, corporate-controlled commercial agriculture focused on profit.
What is agribusiness?
30
Regions where agriculture first developed independently.
What are agricultural hearths?
31
Name major agricultural hearths.
Fertile Crescent, East Asia, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Mesoamerica, Andes.
32
The domestication of plants and animals around 10,000 years ago.
What was the First Agricultural Revolution?
33
What major change occurred during the First Agricultural Revolution?
Humans shifted from hunting and gathering to settled farming.
34
A period of agricultural innovation that increased food production through new tools and methods.
What was the Second Agricultural Revolution?
35
What were key features of the Second Agricultural Revolution?
Crop rotation, enclosure movement, mechanization, improved tools.
36
How did the Second Agricultural Revolution affect population?
Increased food production led to population growth and Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model.
37
The use of GMOs, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, and technology to increase crop yields.
What was the Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution)?
38
What was the goal of the Green Revolution?
To reduce hunger and increase food supply, especially in LDCs.
39
Why did the Green Revolution struggle in parts of Africa?
High costs, lack of infrastructure, poor soil, and limited access to technology.
40
A theory explaining how land value decreases as distance from the city increases.
What is bid-rent theory?
41
According to bid-rent theory, where is land most expensive?
Closest to the city center.
42
What happens to land prices farther from the city?
Land prices decrease as distance from the city increases.
43
A model explaining agricultural land use based on distance from a central market.
What is the Von Thünen Model?
44
What assumptions does the Von Thünen Model make?
Isolated city, flat land, no transportation barriers, equal soil fertility.
45
Why do most Von Thünen assumptions not hold true today?
Modern transportation, refrigeration, global trade, and varied terrain.
46
What factors did farmers consider in the Von Thünen Model?
Transportation costs, land costs, and labor intensity.
47
Which agricultural activities are closest to the market in the Von Thünen Model?
Dairy and market gardening.
48
Why is forest located near the market in the Von Thünen Model?
Wood is heavy and expensive to transport.
49
Which activities are farthest from the market in the Von Thünen Model?
Grain farming and livestock ranching.
50
The practice of growing a single crop over a large area.
What is monocropping?
51
Why do farmers use monocropping?
It increases efficiency, lowers costs, and maximizes profit.
52
What factors impact the type of agriculture grown around the world?
Physical environment, climate, soil, landforms, water availability, and economic forces.
53
How does climate influence agriculture?
Climate determines bioclimatic zones, temperature, precipitation, and growing seasons.
54
How do landforms affect agriculture?
Land must be arable; mountains, deserts, and steep slopes limit farming.
55
Why are soil and nutrients important to agriculture?
Soil fertility affects crop growth; nutrients may be natural or added through fertilizers.
56
The idea that humans can use technology to overcome environmental limitations.
What is environmental possibilism?
57
What are examples of human modifications to agriculture?
Greenhouses, irrigation, fertilizers, terracing, slash-and-burn, draining wetlands.
58
What are intensive farming practices?
Farming that uses high labor and capital inputs on small areas of land.
59
What are extensive farming practices?
Farming that uses large areas of land with low labor and capital inputs.
60
What type of agriculture is common in tropical and subtropical climates?
Shifting cultivation and plantation agriculture.
61
What are the characteristics of shifting cultivation?
Slash-and-burn farming in tropical regions with high rainfall and vegetation.
62
Where is shifting cultivation commonly practiced?
Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia.
63
What type of agriculture is common in drylands and deserts?
Pastoral nomadism and livestock ranching.
64
What are the characteristics of pastoral nomadism?
Seasonal movement of livestock in dry regions with little vegetation.
65
Where is pastoral nomadism practiced?
Northern Africa, Southwest Asia, Central Asia, and East Asia.
66
What type of agriculture is common in temperate (mid-latitude) climates?
Mixed crop and livestock, commercial grain farming, market gardening, dairy, and Mediterranean agriculture.
67
What are characteristics of temperate climates?
Moderate temperatures, moderate rainfall, and seasonal changes.
68
What is market gardening (commercial gardening)?
Intensive commercial farming of fruits and vegetables near urban areas.
69
What crops are grown in market gardening?
Fresh fruits and vegetables such as lettuce, tomatoes, apples, and oranges.
70
What is plantation agriculture?
Large-scale commercial farming that specializes in one cash crop for the global market.
71
What crops are grown on plantations?
Coffee, cacao, sugarcane, bananas, cotton, tea, rubber.
72
What is mixed crop and livestock farming?
A system where crops are grown to feed animals, and most income comes from livestock.
73
Where is mixed crop and livestock farming common?
Midwestern United States, Canada, and Central Europe.
74
What is Mediterranean agriculture?
Commercial farming in regions with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.
75
What crops are grown in Mediterranean agriculture?
Grapes, olives, dates, and figs.
76
What is dairy farming?
Intensive commercial farming focused on milk production.
77
Why is dairy farming considered intensive?
Cows must be milked frequently and require high labor and capital inputs.
78
How do economic forces influence agriculture?
The cost of land, labor, machinery, and access to markets affects farming decisions.
79
What are rural settlement patterns?
The way rural homes and farmland are arranged on the landscape.
80
What are the three main rural settlement patterns?
Clustered, dispersed, and linear.
81
What is a clustered rural settlement?
Homes are grouped closely together with farmland surrounding the settlement.
82
Why did clustered settlements develop historically?
To share resources, build community, and provide protection.
83
Which survey method is most associated with clustered settlements?
Metes and bounds.
84
What is a dispersed rural settlement?
Homes and farms are spread out and isolated from one another.
85
Why are dispersed settlements common in the United States?
The government promoted westward expansion by granting land to individual farmers.
86
Which survey method is associated with dispersed settlements?
Township and range.
87
What is a linear rural settlement?
Homes and farms are arranged in a line along a river, road, or coast.
88
Which survey method is most associated with linear settlements?
Long-lot survey system.
89
What are rural survey methods?
Systems used to define and divide land ownership.
90
What is the metes and bounds survey system?
A system that uses natural landmarks and physical features to define land boundaries.
91
What shape of land plots does metes and bounds create?
Irregular-shaped plots.
92
Where did the metes and bounds system originate?
Great Britain and later spread to North America.
93
What is the long-lot survey system?
A system that divides land into long, narrow strips extending from a river or road.
94
Why was the long-lot system used?
To give each landowner equal access to water, soil, and transportation.
95
Where did the long-lot survey system originate?
France and Spain.
96
What is the township and range survey system?
A grid system that divides land into uniform square townships and sections.
97
Who pioneered the township and range survey system?
Thomas Jefferson.
98
What is the size of a township in the township and range system?
Six miles by six miles.
99
Why was the township and range system created?
To keep track of land sales and create a uniform survey method.
100
How do agricultural practices influence settlement patterns?
Farming methods shape how land is divided and where people live.
101
What is sequential occupancy?
The idea that a place’s cultural landscape changes as different groups occupy it over time.
102
Why is understanding settlement patterns important?
They explain why people live where they do and how land is used.
103
What is a hearth?
The geographic origin of a trait, innovation, or idea.
104
What is domestication?
The deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals to meet human needs.
105
What are agricultural hearths?
Independent regions where people first domesticated plants and animals.
106
Where did the first Agricultural Revolution occur?
In multiple agricultural hearths around the world.
107
What is the Fertile Crescent?
An early agricultural hearth known as the “Bread Basket” where farming began about 10,000 years ago.
108
What crops were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent?
Wheat, barley, lentils, olives, oats, rye.
109
What animals were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent?
Sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs.
110
What crops originated in Southeast Asia?
Rice, sugarcane, bananas, coconut, mango, tea, taro.
111
What crops originated in East Asia?
Rice, soybeans, walnuts.
112
What crops originated in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Coffee, millet, sorghum, yams, cowpeas, African rice.
113
What crops originated in Mesoamerica?
Maize, beans, squash, peppers, tomatoes, cotton, cassava.
114
What animals were domesticated in the Andean Highlands?
Llamas and alpacas.
115
What does independent invention mean?
When a trait develops separately in multiple hearths without outside influence.
116
What do agricultural hearths have in common?
Fertile soil, access to water, moderate climate, and food surplus.
117
Why did agricultural hearths support population growth?
Food surpluses allowed more people to survive and settle permanently.
118
What is contagious diffusion?
The spread of ideas or practices through direct contact between people.
119
How did agriculture first diffuse from the Fertile Crescent?
Through contagious diffusion into nearby regions such as Europe.
120
How did migration help spread agriculture?
Migrants carried seeds, animals, and farming knowledge to new areas.
121
What type of diffusion occurs when farming methods adapt to new environments?
Stimulus diffusion.
122
What role did trade routes play in agricultural diffusion?
Trade routes like the Silk Road spread crops and animals across continents.
123
What was the Silk Road?
A network of trade routes connecting China, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East.
124
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The exchange of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the Old World and New World after 1492.
125
What type of diffusion was the Columbian Exchange?
Contagious diffusion.
126
What is the Green Revolution?
The global spread of high-yield crops, fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation.
127
How has modern agriculture diffused globally?
Through the Green Revolution, trade, migration, and increased demand for meat.
128
What was the Second Agricultural Revolution?
A period of agricultural innovation beginning around 1750 that increased food production through new technology and farming methods.
129
Where and when did the Second Agricultural Revolution begin?
Great Britain around 1750.
130
How did the Second Agricultural Revolution diffuse?
From Great Britain into Europe and the United States.
131
What role did the Industrial Revolution play in the Second Agricultural Revolution?
Mechanization increased agricultural production and efficiency.
132
What new technologies were introduced during the Second Agricultural Revolution?
Cotton gin, seed drill, steel plow, and barbed wire.
133
How did new technology affect food production?
Higher yields created food surpluses.
134
How did increased food production affect population?
It led to population growth and longer life expectancy.
135
How did mechanization affect agricultural labor?
It reduced the need for manual labor and decreased the number of farmers.
136
What was the Enclosure Movement?
British laws that allowed landowners to enclose and privatize land that had previously been communal.
137
What was the impact of the Enclosure Movement on farming?
It led to fewer but larger farms and the rise of commercial agriculture.
138
How did the Enclosure Movement contribute to urbanization?
Displaced farmers moved to cities to work in factories.
139
What is crop rotation?
The practice of planting different crops in the same field each year to maintain soil fertility.
140
Why was crop rotation important?
It prevented soil depletion and increased crop yields.
141
How did transportation improvements affect agriculture?
Trains and steamboats allowed farmers to ship goods farther and at lower costs.
142
What new markets developed during the Second Agricultural Revolution?
Regional and international markets due to improved transportation.
143
How did the Second Agricultural Revolution change diets?
More food availability led to better diets.
144
How did the Second Agricultural Revolution impact life expectancy?
Improved diets and food supply increased life expectancy.
145
What happened to the number of farm owners during the Second Agricultural Revolution?
The number decreased as farms became larger and more commercial.
146
What type of agriculture expanded during the Second Agricultural Revolution?
Commercial agriculture.
147
How did the Second Agricultural Revolution help support industrialization?
It freed workers from farms to work in factories.
148
What was the Green Revolution?
A period of agricultural change that used chemicals, technology, and high-yield crops to increase food production.
149
When did the Green Revolution occur?
1950s–1960s.
150
Where did the Green Revolution begin and spread?
Research from MDCs spread to developing countries in Latin America and Asia.
151
What caused the Green Revolution?
Rapid population growth in developing regions during the 20th century.
152
Who was Norman Borlaug?
A researcher who improved agricultural techniques to help feed the growing global population.
153
What crops were most affected by the Green Revolution?
Rice, wheat, and corn.
154
What are high-yield varieties (HYVs)?
Disease-resistant, fast-growing crops that produce more food per acre.
155
What role did GMOs and hybrids play in the Green Revolution?
They increased crop yields and resistance to disease and pests.
156
What is double cropping?
Growing more than one crop on the same land in a single year.
157
What new inputs were used during the Green Revolution?
Fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, machinery, and improved seeds.
158
What was one major positive result of the Green Revolution?
Higher food production and reduced hunger.
159
How did the Green Revolution affect food prices?
Food prices decreased, increasing access to food.
160
How did the Green Revolution help some developing regions?
It led to self-sufficiency and economic growth in parts of Latin America and Asia.
161
What environmental problem resulted from fertilizer and pesticide use?
Water pollution from chemical runoff.
162
How did irrigation and double cropping harm the environment?
They caused soil erosion and salinization.
163
How did machinery use impact the environment?
Increased fossil fuel use and air, sound, and water pollution.
164
What happened to biodiversity during the Green Revolution?
Biodiversity decreased due to monocropping.
165
How did the Green Revolution affect gender roles?
Women were excluded from training and decision-making, increasing gender inequality.
166
Why did the Green Revolution have limited success in Africa?
Harsh environments, poor infrastructure, lack of investment, and exclusion of African crops.
167
Which African crops were not included in Green Revolution research?
Sorghum, millet, cassava, yams, and cowpeas.
168
What is one overall benefit of the Green Revolution?
It increased global food supply.
169
What is one overall drawback of the Green Revolution?
Environmental damage and increased inequality.
170
How do economic forces influence agricultural practices?
They affect land costs, labor, technology use, farm size, and what crops are grown.
171
What is monocropping (monoculture)?
The cultivation of one or two crops that are rotated seasonally.
172
Why is monocropping used in commercial agriculture?
It allows specialization, maximizes efficiency, and increases yields.
173
What are negative effects of monocropping?
Soil nutrient depletion, loss of biodiversity, and harm to small farmers.
174
How does supply and demand affect agriculture?
When supply is high and demand is low, crop prices decrease.
175
What is agribusiness?
A large-scale system that controls production, processing, distribution, research, and financing of agriculture.
176
How has agribusiness changed farming?
It has replaced many small family farms with large corporate farms.
177
What are economies of scale?
Cost advantages gained by producing on a large scale, lowering the cost per unit.
178
Why are large farms more cost-effective?
They buy supplies in bulk, use advanced technology, and reduce production costs.
179
What are economies of scale?
Cost advantages gained by producing on a large scale, lowering the cost per unit.
180
How do economies of scale affect family farms?
They make it harder for small farms to compete, leading to fewer family-owned farms.
181
How has technology impacted commercial agriculture?
It increases efficiency, yields, and the carrying capacity of land.
182
What is carrying capacity?
The maximum population that an area can sustainably support.
182
How has technology impacted commercial agriculture?
It increases efficiency, yields, and the carrying capacity of land.
183
What is a commodity chain?
A complex network linking agricultural production, processing, distribution, and consumption.
184
Why are commodity chains important in modern agriculture?
They allow food to be produced far from consumers and sold at lower prices.
185
What is bid-rent theory?
A theory explaining how land value is influenced by distance from the market.
186
According to bid-rent theory, where is land most expensive?
Closest to the market or city center.
187
What type of farming is used on expensive land near markets?
Intensive farming.
188
Why is farming intensive near markets?
Farmers must earn high profits on small, expensive plots of land.
189
Where is land least expensive according to bid-rent theory?
Farther away from the market.
190
What type of farming occurs far from markets?
Extensive farming.
191
Why is farming extensive farther from markets?
Land is cheaper, so farmers can use more land to earn a profit.
192
How does technology affect economies of scale?
It increases efficiency and lowers production costs, favoring large farms.
193
What type of agriculture dominates MDCs?
Large-scale commercial agriculture.
194
What is one major trend in modern agriculture?
The replacement of small family farms by large commercial operations.
195
What is the spatial organization of agriculture?
The way agricultural production is arranged and distributed across space.
196
How do economic forces influence the spatial organization of agriculture?
They determine farm size, crop choice, land use, and proximity to markets.
197
What trend is occurring with family farms?
Small family farms are being replaced by large-scale commercial farms.
198
Why are large-scale farms replacing small farms?
Large farms benefit from economies of scale and advanced technology.
199
What is an economy of scale?
When increased production lowers the cost per unit.
200
How does technology support economies of scale in agriculture?
It increases efficiency, reduces labor needs, and raises crop yields.
201
How has globalization affected agriculture?
It connects farmers, processors, and consumers across long distances.
202
How does technology affect the carrying capacity of land?
It increases food production, allowing land to support larger populations.
203
How does spatial organization differ between MDCs and LDCs?
MDCs use large-scale commercial agriculture, while LDCs rely more on subsistence farming.
204
What role does profit play in the spatial organization of agriculture?
Farmers choose locations and methods that maximize efficiency and profit.
205
What is one major consequence of modern spatial organization of agriculture?
Lower food prices but fewer small, family-owned farms.
206
Who created the Von Thünen Model?
Johann Heinrich von Thünen, a German farmer and economist.
207
When was the Von Thünen Model published?
1826.
208
What was the main idea of the Von Thünen Model?
Transportation costs increase with distance from the market and influence land use.
209
How is bid-rent theory connected to the Von Thünen Model?
Land closer to the market is more expensive and used more intensively.
210
What is the isotropic plane assumption?
All land is flat and has the same physical characteristics.
211
What transportation assumptions does the Von Thünen Model make?
No barriers to transportation and goods are moved by oxcarts.
212
What economic system does the Von Thünen Model assume?
A commercial farming system where farmers maximize profit.
213
What is assumed about the market in the Von Thünen Model?
There is a single, isolated market with no outside influence.
214
Which agricultural activity is closest to the market?
Dairy farming and market gardening.
215
Why is dairy and market gardening closest to the market?
Products are highly perishable and expensive to transport.
216
What agricultural activity is in the second ring?
Forestry (timber).
217
Why is forestry located near the market in the Von Thünen Model?
Wood is heavy, bulky, and expensive to transport.
218
Which crops are grown farther from the market?
Grain and cereal crops.
219
Why are grains grown farther from the market?
They are less perishable and easier to transport.
220
Which agricultural activity is farthest from the market?
Livestock ranching.
221
Why is livestock ranching farthest from the market?
Animals can walk to market and land is cheaper farther away.
222
How does distance from the market affect farming intensity?
Farming becomes less intensive as distance from the market increases.
223
What is one limitation of the Von Thünen Model?
Modern transportation and refrigeration reduce transportation costs.
224
How do multiple markets limit the Von Thünen Model?
The model assumes only one market, but modern regions have many markets.
225
Why is forestry no longer located near cities today?
Wood is no longer the primary fuel or building material.
226
How does physical geography limit the Von Thünen Model?
Real landscapes are not flat and have physical barriers.
227
What type of agriculture is missing from the Von Thünen Model?
Specialty farming such as Mediterranean agriculture.
228
Why is the Von Thünen Model still useful today?
It explains how transportation costs and land value influence land use.
229
What is the global system of agriculture?
A worldwide network that links agricultural production, distribution, and consumption.
230
What does interdependence mean in the global food system?
Countries rely on each other for food production, trade, and consumption.
231
Why is agriculture considered part of a global supply chain?
Food is produced in one place, processed in another, and consumed elsewhere.
232
What is a global supply chain?
A system that connects producers, processors, distributors, and consumers across the world.
233
Why do some countries specialize in export crops?
They have favorable climates, resources, or economic advantages for certain crops.
234
What is an export commodity?
A crop or product grown primarily to be sold to other countries.
235
What is a major risk of dependence on one export commodity?
Economic instability if demand or prices decline.
236
How does infrastructure affect global food distribution?
Transportation, storage, and ports determine how efficiently food moves.
237
How do political relationships affect agriculture?
Trade agreements, sanctions, and tariffs influence food distribution.
238
How does world trade influence agriculture?
It shapes where food is produced, sold, and consumed.
239
Why do MDCs often import food?
They rely on global markets for variety and lower prices.
240
Why do many LDCs export agricultural products?
Agriculture is a major source of income and employment.
241
What role does transportation play in the global food system?
It allows food to be moved long distances quickly and cheaply.
242
How does globalization affect food availability?
It increases access to diverse foods worldwide.
243
What is one benefit of the global system of agriculture?
Greater food availability and lower prices.
244
What is one drawback of the global system of agriculture?
Dependence on foreign producers and vulnerability to disruptions.
245
How can political conflict disrupt the global food system?
It can interrupt trade routes and food distribution networks.
246
Why is food insecurity still an issue despite global food production?
Unequal access, poverty, and distribution problems.
247
What is the relationship between agriculture and economic development?
Agriculture supports economies through trade, jobs, and exports.
248
Why is understanding the global system of agriculture important?
It explains how food production and consumption are connected worldwide.
249
What are the consequences of agricultural practices?
Environmental and social impacts caused by farming methods.
250
How do agricultural practices alter the landscape?
They change land cover through farming methods like irrigation, deforestation, and terracing.
251
What is shifting cultivation?
A farming system where land is farmed until soil fertility declines, then left fallow to recover.
252
Where is shifting cultivation commonly practiced?
South America, Central and West Africa, and Southeast Asia.
253
What problem occurs when fallow periods are too short?
Soil degradation.
254
What is slash-and-burn agriculture?
A form of shifting cultivation where vegetation is cut and burned to clear land.
255
What are environmental effects of slash-and-burn agriculture?
Deforestation, soil erosion, and loss of topsoil.
256
What is terrace farming?
Step-like fields built on hillsides to reduce erosion and grow crops.
257
Why is terrace farming used?
To farm steep land and reduce soil erosion.
258
What is irrigation?
The artificial application of water to crops.
259
What environmental problem can irrigation cause?
Water depletion and soil salinization.
260
What is pastoral nomadism?
The seasonal movement of livestock to find grazing land.
261
What environmental impacts are linked to pastoral nomadism?
Overgrazing, soil erosion, and desertification.
262
What is desertification?
The process by which fertile land becomes infertile.
263
What are wetlands?
Land areas covered by water, such as marshes, swamps, and bogs.
264
What happens when wetlands are drained?
Loss of biodiversity and increased flooding.
265
What are dikes and polders?
Structures used to reclaim land from water, especially in the Netherlands.
266
What is soil salinization?
The buildup of salts in soil that reduces plant growth.
267
How does soil salinization occur?
When water evaporates faster than it is replenished, leaving salt behind.
268
What is an example of soil salinization?
The Aral Sea shrinking due to irrigation diversion.
269
What caused the Aral Sea crisis?
Rivers were diverted for cotton irrigation, reducing water levels.
270
What is deforestation?
The clearing of forests for agriculture or other uses.
271
What agricultural activities contribute to deforestation?
Slash-and-burn farming, cattle grazing, palm oil production, and logging.
272
What are environmental effects of deforestation?
Loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and increased greenhouse gases.
273
How does agriculture contribute to pollution?
Through fertilizer runoff, pesticide use, animal waste, and fossil fuel emissions.
274
How does increased meat consumption impact the environment?
More animal waste contaminates water and soil.
275
What social effects can agricultural practices have?
Changes in diets, gender roles, and economic activities.
276
What are challenges of contemporary agriculture?
Issues related to sustainability, food access, environmental impact, and food distribution.
277
What agricultural innovations are debated today?
Biotechnology, GMOs, and aquaculture.
278
Why are GMOs debated?
Concerns about sustainability, biodiversity loss, and health and environmental impacts.
279
What environmental issues are linked to modern agriculture?
Soil and water depletion, pollution, biodiversity loss, and chemical use.
280
How does fertilizer and pesticide use affect the environment?
Runoff pollutes water and harms ecosystems.
281
What is food insecurity?
Lack of consistent access to enough nutritious food.
282
What is a food desert?
An area with limited access to affordable, healthy food.
283
Why do food deserts exist?
Poverty, lack of transportation, and limited grocery stores.
284
What problems affect global food distribution?
Poor infrastructure, political conflict, and inefficient distribution systems.
285
How does suburbanization impact agriculture?
It reduces farmland by converting land into housing and development.
286
How does adverse weather affect agriculture?
Droughts, floods, and storms reduce crop yields.
287
What is urban farming?
Growing food within cities to increase access to fresh food.
288
What is community-supported agriculture (CSA)?
A system where consumers buy shares of a farm’s harvest in advance.
289
What is organic farming?
Farming that avoids synthetic chemicals and GMOs.
290
What are value-added specialty crops?
Products processed or marketed to increase their economic value.
291
What is fair trade?
A movement that ensures fair wages and ethical treatment of farmers.
292
What is the local-food movement?
Encouraging consumption of locally produced food.
293
How do dietary shifts affect agriculture?
Changes in diet alter what crops and livestock are produced.
294
How do economies of scale affect food production?
Large farms produce food more cheaply, reducing small farm competition.
295
How do government policies affect agriculture?
They influence subsidies, land use, food prices, and production practices.
296
What is the main focus of Women in Agriculture?
Geographic variations in women’s roles in food production and consumption.
297
How does the role of women in agriculture vary globally?
It varies by region, level of development, and type of agricultural production.
298
Where do women make up a large share of the agricultural workforce?
Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and parts of Southeast Asia.
299
Why do women play a larger role in agriculture in many LDCs?
Farming is labor-intensive, less mechanized, and often subsistence-based.
300
What types of agriculture do women most commonly work in?
Subsistence farming and small-scale agriculture.
301
How does mechanization affect women’s roles in agriculture?
Increased mechanization often reduces women’s participation in farming.
302
What economic obstacles do women face in agriculture?
Limited access to land ownership, credit, and technology.
303
What cultural obstacles affect women in agriculture?
Traditional gender roles that limit education and decision-making.
304
What political obstacles affect women in agriculture?
Discriminatory laws and lack of legal land rights.
305
How does inequality impact agricultural productivity?
When women lack resources, overall food production is reduced.
306
How can improving women’s access to resources affect food supply?
It increases productivity, efficiency, and food security.
307
How do women contribute to food consumption patterns?
They often manage household food preparation and nutrition decisions.
308
Why is understanding women’s roles in agriculture important?
It explains global differences in food production, equity, and development.
AP Human Geography (9th grade)
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
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types of maps(unit 1)12
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review of unit 18
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vocabulary chapter 159
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map projections unit 111
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vocab chapter 225
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world regions densitys14
-
vocab chapter 326
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FRQ study unit 210
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unit 2 study117
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vocab chapter 420
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another chapter 4 vocab?19
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unit 3 test97
-
vocab19
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midterm(litterally just the questions from the previous tests)266
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unit 5 vocab41
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unit 5 test309
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vocab unit 629
-
frq unit 79
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unit 7 :(48
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unit 6 quiz vocab25
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relative location major xities map qui31
