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Physical appearance & impressions
Attractiveness, facial features, body type, clothing, and grooming influence judgments of competence, warmth, health, and trustworthiness (halo effect).
Schemas & stereotypes in perception
Schemas and stereotypes guide attention and interpretation, causing selective perception, confirmation bias, and reliance on heuristics.
Evolutionary bias in perception
Biases evolved to quickly assess threat, health, status, and mating potential, favoring speed over accuracy.
Attributions
Attributions are explanations for behavior; we make them to understand, predict, and control social events.
Internal vs external attributions & Weiner
Internal = personal causes; external = situational. Weiner: locus (internal/external), stability, controllability.
Attributional biases & culture
Includes fundamental attribution error, actor–observer bias, self‑serving bias. Collectivist cultures emphasize situational causes more.
Key factors in attraction
Proximity, similarity, and physical attractiveness strongly predict attraction.
Types of love & culture
Passionate vs companionate love; cultural norms shape mate preferences and emphasis on romance vs family choice.
Evolutionary view of attraction
Preferences reflect reproductive fitness: youth and health vs resources and protection.
Attitudes & behavior
Attitudes have affective, cognitive, and behavioral components; they predict behavior best when strong and specific.
Persuasion factors
Source (credibility, attractiveness), message (logic, emotion), receiver (motivation, mood) affect persuasion.
Cognitive dissonance
Inconsistency causes discomfort, leading attitude change after counter‑attitudinal behavior or effort justification.
Learning & ELM
Classical/operant conditioning and ELM: central (thoughtful) vs peripheral (cues) routes to persuasion.
Asch conformity
People conformed to incorrect group judgments due to normative social influence.
Milgram obedience
Participants obeyed authority to harmful levels; sparked ethical debate on deception and stress.
Culture & conformity
Collectivist cultures show higher conformity and obedience than individualist cultures.
Groups & bystander effect
Groups influence identity and behavior; bystander effect shows diffusion of responsibility reduces helping.
Group productivity & decisions
Social loafing reduces effort; groups can outperform individuals but risk groupthink.
Unifying themes
Interaction of person, situation, and culture; social cognition; evolutionary influences.
Prejudice vs discrimination
Prejudice = attitudes; discrimination = behavior. Stereotypes and attribution biases sustain prejudice.
Credibility & influence tactics
Expertise, trustworthiness, reciprocity, scarcity, commitment, and social proof increase influence.
