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Untitled Deck Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

What is the value of psychology research?

A

Our opinions about why we behave can be mistaken; not everything is intuitive or common sense

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2
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

The tendency to be overconfident about predicting outcomes and to overestimate common sense

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3
Q

First step in social psychology research

A

State a problem for the study

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4
Q

Second step in social psychology research

A

Formulate a testable hypothesis

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5
Q

Third step in social psychology research

A

Design a study to test the hypothesis and collect data

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6
Q

Fourth step in social psychology research

A

Use statistical methods to test whether data are consistent or inconsistent with the hypothesis

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7
Q

Final step in social psychology research

A

Report results to the scientific community via a journal manuscript

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8
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A specific, testable prediction about the relationship between variables derived from theory and evaluated using empirical data
Ex of casual hypothesis: Watching violent television causes an increase in aggressive behavior
Ex of a correlational hypothesis: There is a positive association between watching violent television and aggression levels

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9
Q

What is a theory?

A

A set of related propositions intended to describe a phenomenon or aspect of the world

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10
Q

How are theories supported?

A

By empirical evidence

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11
Q

How do theories differ from hypotheses?

A

Theories are more general

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12
Q

What is basic research?

A

Research aimed at understanding a phenomenon in its own right

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13
Q

What is applied research?

A

Research aimed at solving real-world problems

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14
Q

What is an intervention?

A

A connection between basic and applied research where theories lead to real-world applications

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15
Q

What is observational research?

A

Observing social situations in a semi-formal way

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16
Q

Who commonly uses observational research?

A

Child and developmental psychologists and anthropologists

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17
Q

What is archival research?

A

Analyzing social behavior documented in past records
Ex.) Newspapers, police reports, hospital records

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18
Q

What are surveys?

A

Interviews or written questionnaires.

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19
Q

Main limitation of surveys

A

Results may be limited if the sample is biased.

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20
Q

What is a population of interest?

A

The specified group of people you want to study

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21
Q

What is a sample?

A

A subset of the population of interest

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22
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected

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23
Q

What is convenience sampling?

A

Selecting participants from an easily available subgroup

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24
Q

Problem with convenience sampling

A

It creates bias.
Ex.) 1936 Literary Digest presidential election poll

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25
What is correlational research?
Research that examines relationships between variables without random assignment
26
Correlation coefficient range
From -1 to +1
27
What is the third variable problem?
An unmeasured variable causes both X and Y Ex.) Ice cream sales and homicide rates both increase due to hot weather
28
What is self-selection?
When participants select their own level on a variable, creating a confound
29
Why can’t correlation show causation?
Direction and third-variable issues
30
What is reverse causation?
X may cause Y or Y may cause X
31
What kind of research determines causality?
Experimental research
32
Key feature of experimental research
Random assignment to conditions
33
What is an independent variable (IV)?
The variable hypothesized to cause an outcome
34
What is a dependent variable (DV)?
The variable affected by the IV and measured
35
What is a control condition?
A condition identical to the experimental condition except for the key manipulation
36
What is random assignment?
Assigning participants to groups randomly
37
Why are true experiments limited?
Ethical, practical, or feasibility constraints
38
What is internal validity?
Confidence that only the manipulated variable caused the results
39
What is external validity?
The degree to which results can be generalized to real life
40
Tradeoff between internal and external validity
More realism often means less control
41
What is reliability?
Consistency of measurements over time
42
What is measurement validity?
Measuring what you intend to measure
43
What is an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
A committee that evaluates ethical appropriateness of research
44
What is informed consent?
Participants agreeing to participate after learning relevant study details
45
What is deception research?
Research where participants are misled about the study’s purpose
46
What must researchers do after deception?
Debrief participants
47
What is the self?
A person’s unique qualities that distinguish them from others
48
What are traits?
Characteristic ways of thinking, feeling, and acting
49
What defines the social self?
It is constructed, maintained, and negotiated in the social environment
50
Is the social self stable or dynamic?
Dynamic and context-dependent
51
What is a self-schema?
A cognitive structure representing beliefs and feelings about the self
52
Effect of having a self-schema
Faster processing and retrieval of schema-consistent information
53
Types of schemas
Situations, traits, selves, objects, groups of people
54
What is a stereotype?
A schema about a group of people
55
What is the individual self?
Beliefs about unique personal traits and abilities
56
What is the collective self?
Beliefs about identities as group members
57
What is the relational self?
Beliefs about identities in specific relationships
58
Sources of self-knowledge
Family, situationism, culture, gender, social comparison
59
What is the looking-glass self?
The self develops from perceptions of how others see us
60
What are reflected self-appraisals?
Beliefs about what others think of us
61
Accuracy of reflected self-appraisals
Not highly correlated with others’ actual views
62
What is situationism?
The social self changes across contexts
63
What is a trait?
The stable “average” version of yourself
64
What is a state?
How you change across situations
65
What is the working self-concept?
The subset of self-knowledge active in a given context
66
Independent self-view emphasized where?
Western cultures
67
Interdependent self-view emphasized where?
Eastern cultures
68
Independent self-definition focuses on
Traits, attitudes, abilities
69
Interdependent self-definition focuses on
Roles, relationships, group memberships
70
Gender differences in self-construal
Men more independent; women more interdependent
71
Women are more attuned to
External social cues
72
Men are more attuned to
Internal responses
73
What is social comparison theory?
People evaluate themselves by comparing to others
74
When does social comparison occur?
When standards are unclear or uncertainty exists
75
What is upward comparison?
Comparing to better others to improve oneself
76
What is downward comparison?
Comparing to worse others to feel better
77
What is self-esteem?
Overall positive or negative evaluation of oneself
78
How is self-esteem usually measured?
Self-report
79
What are contingencies of self-worth?
Domains where success or failure affects self-esteem
80
Key finding from Crocker et al.
Self-esteem rose with acceptance and fell with rejection
81
What is the sociometer hypothesis?
Self-esteem monitors social inclusion
82
High self-esteem indicates
Social thriving
83
Low self-esteem indicates
Social difficulties
84
What is self-enhancement?
Desire to maintain or increase positive self-views
85
What is the better-than-average effect?
Believing you’re above average on most traits
86
Why does this effect occur?
We judge ourselves at our best and others by average
87
Traits most affected by better-than-average effect
Vague traits
88
What is self-affirmation?
Protecting self-worth by affirming valued traits
89
What is self-complexity?
Defining the self across multiple domains
90
What is self-verification?
Desire for stable, accurate self-beliefs
91
What is self-regulation?
Controlling behavior to achieve goals
92
Actual vs. ideal self mismatch leads to
Disappointment and sadness
93
Actual vs. ought self mismatch leads to
Anxiety and guilt
94
What is promotion focus?
Pursuing positive outcomes toward the ideal self
95
What is prevention focus?
Avoiding negative outcomes toward the ought self
96
What is self-presentation?
Showing others who we want them to believe we are
97
What is impression management?
Controlling how others view us
98
What is face?
Public image we want others to believe
99
What is self-monitoring?
Adjusting behavior to fit social contexts
100
High vs. low self-monitors
High adapt to context; low act consistently across contexts
101
What is self-handicapping?
Creating excuses to protect perceived ability
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