URINARY SYSTEM

Question 1

structures of urinary system (4)

Answer 1

• kidneys
• ureters
• urinary bladder
• urethra

Question 2

• paired reddish-brown organs that filter plasma and
  plasma constituents from the blood and then
  selectively reabsorb water and useful constituents
  from the filtrate, ultimately excreting excesses and
  plasma waste products
• located in the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity;
  right is slightly more cranial

Answer 2

kidney

Question 3

kidney of animals

- right-heart-shaped; left-bean-shaped

Answer 3

horse

Question 4

kidney of animals

- lobulated; no renal pelvis

Answer 4

Ox

Question 5

kidney of animals

- bean-shaped (3)

Answer 5

• sheep
• pig
• dog

Question 6

structures of kidney

- depressed portion of the kidney where the artery, vein, nerves, lymph vessels and ureters pass.

Answer 6

hilus

Question 7

structures of kidney
- continuation of the hilus, lodges the renal pelvis, calices,
vessels, nerves and fat

Answer 7

Renal sinus

Question 8

structures of kidney
- funnel –shaped expansion of the cranial end of the ureter,
within the renal sinus, greater part may be outside the renal sinus.

Answer 8

Renal pelvis

Question 9

structures of kidney

- connective tissue that covers the kidney

Answer 9

Capsule

Question 10

structures of kidney
- outer layer, reddish brown in color, composed mainly of renal
corpuscles and convoluted tubules.

Answer 10

Cortex

Question 11

structures of kidney
- inner portion, composed chiefly of collecting tubules, and in some
species, are organized into a group of structures called renal pyramids.

Answer 11

Medulla

Question 12

structures of kidney

- blunted apex of a renal pyramid

Answer 12

Renal papillae

Question 13

structures of kidney
- cuplike organ or cavity (minor and major) where urine passes from the renal pyramid to the renal
pelvis.

Answer 13

Calix

Question 14

group of structures is called __________

Answer 14

renal pyramids

Question 15

the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 15

Nephron

Question 16

parts of nephron
- site of filtration of blood plasma; consist of
glomerulus and glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)
- a cup-like structure at the beginning of the
renal tubule.

Answer 16

Renal corpuscle

Question 17

parts of nephron
- contains the tubular fluid (filtrate) filtered
through the glomerulus

Answer 17

Renal tubule

Question 18

parts of nephron

- network known as a tuft, of filtering capillaries

Answer 18

Glomerulus

Question 19

parts of renal tubule (4)

Answer 19

• proximal convoluted tubule
• loop of henle
• distal convoluted tubule
• collecting duct

Question 20

ascending and descending limbs

Answer 20

loop of henle

Question 21

is the term for
expulsion of urine from the
bladder.

Answer 21

Micturition

Question 22

start in the renal
pelvis and end in
the urinary bladder

Answer 22

Ureter

Question 23

hollow organ that varies in size

and position, depending on the volume of urine

Answer 23

Urinary Bladder

Question 24

urinary bladder is located on the floor of the pelvic cavity if _______

Answer 24

empty

Question 25

urinary bladder is located in the abdominal cavity when _____

Answer 25

full

Question 26

- in female, opens onto the floor of the vaginal vestibule - in male, passes through the penis (pelvic urethra)

Answer 26

Pelvic urethra

Question 27

``` are cells in the Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus ```

Answer 27

Podocytes

Question 28

- is part of the distal convoluted tubule - sense changes in sodium chloride level, and will trigger an autoregulatory response to either increase or decrease reabsorption of ions and water to the blood in order to alter blood volume and return blood pressure to normal.

Answer 28

Macula densa

Question 29

``` secrete renin (also known as angiotensinogenase), a hormone that participates in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that mediates the volume of extracellular fluid (blood plasma, lymph, and interstitial fluid), and arterial vasoconstriction. ```

Answer 29

Juxtaglomerular cells/ Granular cells

Question 30

are specialized cells that secrete extracellular matrix substance rich in laminin and fibronectin that help support the capillary tuft of the glomerulus. These cells contract to regulate capillary flow and aid in the removal of macromolecules.

Answer 30

mesangial cells

Question 31

``` - kidneys use to filter excess fluid and waste products out of the blood into the urine collecting tubules of the kidney - involves physical barriers through which the filtrate passes include the (fenestrated) capillary endothelium of the glomerulus, the inner layer of Bowman’s capsule, and a basement membrane (lamina) between these two cell layers - the barrier acts much like a sieve, and all substances up to a molecular weight of about 65,000 pass through the barrier - plasma constituents (e.g., glucose, amino acids, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chlorine, and bicarbonate ions) readily cross the barrier, and their concentrations in the initial filtrate are about the same as in plasma ```

Answer 31

Glomerular filtration

Question 32

the pressure tending to force fluid out of the capillary

Answer 32

effective filtration pressure

Question 33

``` the process whereby certain molecules (e.g. ions, glucose and amino acids), after being filtered out of the capillaries along with nitrogenous waste products (i.e. urea) and water in the glomerulus, are reabsorbed from the filtrate as they pass through the nephron ```

Answer 33

Selective tubular reabsorption

Question 34

``` used to remove drugs, toxins and poisons, or other natural compounds in excessive amounts (such as potassium (K+), hydrogen (H+), and urea) ```

Answer 34

Selective tubular secretion

Question 35

``` - lie on the ventral surface of the synsacrum; divided into cranial, middle, and caudal lobes - no renal pelvis and renal calyces ```

Answer 35

avian kidneys

Question 36

empty directly into the ureter adjacent to | the cranial lobe of the kidney.

Answer 36

collecting ducts

Question 37

terminate in the dorsal | part of the urodeum.

Answer 37

right and left ureters

Question 38

complete suppression of urine

Answer 38

anuria

Question 39

difficult or painful urination

Answer 39

dysuria

Question 40

scanty or little urine

Answer 40

oliguria

Question 41

excessive urination

Answer 41

polyuria