User centered design

Question 1

What is iterative design

Answer 1

a journey between initial design and the final product
prototype -> evaluate with user -> refine -> repeat under user is happy

Question 2

User centered design definition

Answer 2

users are involved in every step of the design process, designs are evaluated by the users and refined by designers, making sure products are fit for purpose and meet criteria. Iterative process.

Question 3

Ergonomics definition

Answer 3

designs should be made to comfortably fit and work with the human body, standard have been set and there are official bodies that supply human body measurements

Question 4

How to make a product fit for purpose and user centered

Answer 4

evaluate the consumers needs and values.
Purpose (what it is intended to accomplish)
Functionality (what it is supposed to do)
Innovation
Authenticity (consumers now are being less loyal because they want something that reflects their values)

Question 5

What is innovation in user cenetered design

Answer 5

introduction of something that is new or improved. Product innovation, cost-cutting innovation and process innovation - all aim to develop a company’s production methods. 2 types of innovation - developing a new product or improving existing products

Question 6

How should manufactyres and designers view their products

Answer 6

as a service and the experience it gives to the user

Question 7

Critical paths analysis definition

Answer 7

an algorithm for scheduling a set of project activities used for any project with interdependent activities

Question 8

Pros and cons of critical path analysis

Answer 8

Pros - allows a business to plan ahead efficiently, is time related giving an accurate plan, allows for good management, reduces waste
Cons - usefulness may be limited in complex large-scale operations, skilled management and team work is essential

Question 9

Stages involved in producing a critical path analysis

Answer 9

1. identify and prioritise the activities and how long each task will take to do
2. identify which activities must be done before others
3. identify easiest start time
4. identify lasted finish time
5. identify which tasks can be completed outside the critical path
6. identify the critical path

Question 10

Critical path analysis diagram

Answer 10

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQrVezNQ3omsIlITIMQFPjsjF6c_1kXi4ohUg&s

Question 11

Scrum definition

Answer 11

management framework for incremental and iterative product development (waterfall development - as develops high-value features first with feedback sooner). It provides structure of roles, meetings and rules. Teams are responsible for creating and adapting their processes within time frame. It uses fixed length interactions called sprints (30 days) and uses all development activities into each iteration.

Question 12

Scrum pros and cons

Answer 12

Pros - higher productivity, better-quality products, reduced time to market, better team work, happier employees
Cons - dysfunction constraints on teams and organisations

Question 13

Scrum roles

Answer 13

scrum development team, product owner, scrum master

Question 14

Scrum development team role includes

Answer 14

• cross functional
• self-organising/self-managing
• plans one sprint at a time with product owner
• can develop the increment by themselves
• has a leadership role

Question 15

Product owner role includes

Answer 15

• single person responsible for maximsing ROI of development effort
• responsbile for product vision
• final judge of requirements questions
• decides wether to release or continue development
• may contribute as a team member

Question 16

Scrum master role includes

Answer 16

• works with organisation to make scrum possible
• ensures scrum is understood and done
• creates an environment like self-organisation

Question 17

Scrum events

Answer 17

the sprint, sprint planning, daily stand-up, sprint review, retrospective

Question 18

Scrum - the sprint definition

Answer 18

specific time period which specific work is completed and made ready for review

Question 19

Scrum - sprint planning definition

Answer 19

team meetings that determine which product from a backlog will be delivered and how the work will be achieved

Question 20

Scrum - daily stand-up definition

Answer 20

short meeting which each team member quickly covers progress since last time

Question 21

Scrum - retrospective definition

Answer 21

final team meeting in the sprint to determine what went well and what didn’t so can improve. Scrum master and team

Question 22

Six sigma definition

Answer 22

set of techniques and tools for process improvement. It improves quality of the output by identifying and removing the causes of defects and minimisming variability. It uses a set of quality management methods and creates a infractsucture of people who are experts in these methods.

Question 23

Six sigma value targets

Answer 23

• reduce process cycle time
• reduce pollution
• reduce costs
• increase customer satisfaction
• increase profits

Question 24

Six sigma steps

Answer 24

define - identify the goals and customers
measure - understand current performance
analyse - determine root causes of any defects
improve - establish ways to eliminate defects and correct the process
control - manage future process performance

Question 25

Product life cycle defintion

Answer 25

each new product progresses through a sequence of stages from introduction to growth, maturity and decline. This is product life cycle and is associated with changes in marketing situation.

Question 26

Stage, products, pricing, distribution and promotion of six sigma - introduction

Answer 26

Stage - introduction: company seeks to build product awareness and develop a market Product - branding and quality level is found and patents are obtained Pricing - low price to build market and share rapidly or high to recover development costs Distribution - selective until consumers show acceptance Promotion - aimed at innovators and early adopters, marketing seeks to build awareness

Question 27

Stage, products, pricing, distribution and promotion of six sigma - growth

Answer 27

Stage - growth: building brand preference to increase market share Product - quality is maintained and additional features may be added Pricing - maintained as increases demand Distribution - distribution channels are added as demand increases Promotion - aimed at broader audience

Question 28

Stage, products, pricing, distribution and promotion of six sigma - maturity

Answer 28

Stage - maturity: strong growth declines so must defend market share while maximising profit Product - features may be enhanced to differentiate the product from competitors Pricing - may be lower as new competition Distribution - more intensive and incentives are offered to encourage over competitors Promotion - emphaises product differention

Question 29

Show 3 options of six sigma - decline

Answer 29

- maintain product, possibly revamping it by adding ew features and finding new users - harvest product by reducing costs and continue to offer it possibly to loyal niche people - discontinue product liquidating remaining inventory or selling it to other firm that continues it