Vaccinations

Question 1

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Answer 1

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Question 2

What does the human papillomavirus infect?

Answer 2

The human papillomavirus infects the keratinocytes of the skin and mucous membranes.

Question 3

Which human papillomavirus strains cause genital warts?

Answer 3

Human papillomavirus strains 6 and 11 cause genital warts.

Question 4

Which human papillomavirus strains are linked to cancers such as cervical cancer?

Answer 4

Human papillomavirus strains 16 and 18 are linked to a variety of cancers, most notably cervical cancer.

Question 5

What percentage of cervical cancers are linked to human papillomavirus infection?

Answer 5

Over 99.7% of cervical cancers are linked to human papillomavirus infection.

Question 6

How is human papillomavirus testing used in cervical cancer screening?

Answer 6

Samples are first tested for human papillomavirus, and cytology is only performed if the sample is positive.

Question 7

What percentage of anal cancers are linked to human papillomavirus infection?

Answer 7

Around 85% of anal cancers are linked to human papillomavirus infection.

Question 8

What percentage of vulval and vaginal cancers are linked to human papillomavirus infection?

Answer 8

Around 50% of vulval and vaginal cancers are linked to human papillomavirus infection.

Question 9

What percentage of mouth and throat cancers are linked to human papillomavirus infection?

Answer 9

Around 20% to 30% of mouth and throat cancers are linked to human papillomavirus infection.

Question 10

What are other risk factors for developing cervical cancer besides human papillomavirus infection?

Answer 10

Other risk factors include smoking, combined oral contraceptive pill use, and high parity.

Question 11

Which human papillomavirus strains does the UK vaccination programme protect against?

Answer 11

The vaccine protects against strains 16 and 18, which are oncogenic, and strains 6 and 11, which cause genital warts.

Question 12

Who is the primary target of the UK human papillomavirus immunisation programme?

Answer 12

All boys and girls aged 12 to 13 years in school Year 8 are the primary target.

Question 13

Where is the human papillomavirus vaccine normally administered for 12- and 13-year-olds?

Answer 13

The vaccine is normally given in school.

Question 14

Since September 2023, how many doses of the human papillomavirus vaccine are given to children in the UK?

Answer 14

Since September 2023, one dose is given instead of two.

Question 15

Why did the UK change the human papillomavirus vaccine schedule to one dose?

Answer 15

The change followed evidence from large studies that one dose provided equivalent protection.

Question 16

How many doses do eligible gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men under 25 receive?

Answer 16

Eligible individuals under 25 receive one dose of the human papillomavirus vaccine, offered through sexual health clinics.

Question 17

How many doses do eligible gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men aged 25 to 45 receive?

Answer 17

Eligible individuals aged 25 to 45 receive a two-dose schedule, offered through sexual health clinics.

Question 18

How many doses do immunosuppressed or HIV-positive individuals receive?

Answer 18

Immunosuppressed or HIV-positive individuals receive a three-dose schedule of the human papillomavirus vaccine.