Valuation Flashcards

(44 cards)

1
Q

What is the red book?

A

The red book is are global standards set by the RICS. All written valuation must be carried out according to the RICS red book unless there is a valid exception under the VPS 1 to 6.

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2
Q

What are VPS 1-6?

A

Valuation practice statements (processes to follow)

1 - TOE
2 - Basis of Value - assumptions (+special)
3 - valuation approaches and methods
4- Inspections, investigations and records
5- valuation models
6- Valuation reports

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3
Q

What is Professional Standard 1?

A

Compliance with standards where written valuation is provided.

1 - mandatory application

2- compliance with firms

3- compliant with international standards

4- Compliant within jurisdiction or other valuation standards

5- VPS 1-6 exceptions

6 - departures

7 - regulation: monitoring compliance with these standards

8 - application to members

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4
Q

What is professional standard 2?

A

ethics, competency, objectivity and disclosures

1 - professional and ethical standards

2 - member qualification

3 - independence objectivity confidentiality identity

4 - maintaining strict separation between advisers

5 - Disclosures were public has an interest or upon which third parties may rely

6 - valuation review

7 - responsibility of the valuation

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5
Q

What are the VGPA?

A

Evaluation practice guidance application

Set out guidance for the valuations

1 - valuations for financial reporting

2 - valuations for secure lending

3- valuation for business and business interests

4- valuation for trade related properties

5- evaluation for planting equipment

6- evaluation of intangible assets

7-evaluation of arts and antiques

8- evaluation of real property interests

9- valuation of portfolios in group assets

10 - material evaluation uncertainty

11 - relationship with auditor

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6
Q

Why could you carry out evaluation?

A

Loan security
Rating
Account accounts
Tax
Corporate real estate advice
Pension funds
Potential disposals
Potential acquisitions
Landlord tenant functions

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7
Q

What is a special assumption?

A

A special assumption is made by the value where the assumption either assumes facts that differ from those existing evaluation date or that would not be made by typical market participant in a transaction on evaluation date

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8
Q

What is assumption?

A

Assumption is made where it is reasonable for the value to accept that something is true without the need for specific investigation or verification. Any assumption must be reasonable and relevant having regard to the purpose for which evaluation is required.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the red book?

A

For consistent objective and transparent valuations

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10
Q

When is VPS one to 6 not mandatory?

A

Providing an agency or brokerage service in respect of the acquisition or disposal of an asset

Providing valuation advice expressly in preparation for or during negotiations or litigation, including where the value is acting on behalf of others

When acting as a expert witness

Performing statutory functions

Providing valuations for to a client purely for internal purposes

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11
Q

What is included with evaluation practice statement one?

A

This is Terms of engagement

Identification and status of value

Identification of clients
Identification of the assets or liabilities being valued

Currency

Purpose

Basis of value adopted

Evaluation

Nature and extent of the values work including investigations and any limitations

Nature and sources of information Rado

All assumptions and special assumptions

Format of the report

Restrictions on

Confirmation that the valuation will be undertaken in accordance with the IVS

Whether the firm is registered for regulation by the RICS reference to the firm complete handling

A statement of compliance with these standards

A statement setting out any limitations or liability that has been agreed 

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12
Q

What is included with valuation practice statement 6?

A

This is evaluation reports

Identification and status of valuer

Identification of the client and then the other intended users

Purpose of the evaluation

Basis of value adopted

Nature of the source of information relied on

Assumptions, especially the assumptions

Restrictions on use distribution of publication of the report

Confirmation that the assignment has been taken in accordance with a ivs

Evaluation approaches and reasoning

Amount of value

Date on valuation report

Commentary on any material uncertainty in relation to the evaluation versus essential to ensure clarity on the part of the evaluation user

A statement setting out limitations on liability that has been agreed

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13
Q

What are the five methods evaluation?

A

Comparable

Investment

Residual

Profits

Depreciated replacement cost

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14
Q

How would you value using the comparable method?

A

I will look at the subject property

Select comparables and verify the info

Analyse the comps

Display this in a metrics

Value the property

Stand back and look

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15
Q

What is the investment method?

A

Investment methods involves applying a yield, i.e. a multiplier to the rent

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16
Q

Talk me through a term and reversion technique evaluation

A

Firstly, compare the passing to the market rent to establish over under rented

If it was under rented, you’d use usually use a term term and revision

Capitalise the passing rent using years purchase at a yield discounted from market rate

Capitalise reversion using market rent at market yield deferred for the amount of time using present value.

Add the values together

Stand back and look

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17
Q

Talk me through hard-core layer technique

A

Hard-core and layer is indicated when the property is being valued for the institutional investment market for example Prime officers this is also useful when the reversion is close in time it uses an equivalent yield

capitalise the term into perpetuity

Capitalise reversionary top slice at equivalent yield deferred

Add together and look

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18
Q

What is hard-core and top slice?

A

Hard-core and top slice is indicated where the current rent is more than the market rent i.e. the properties over rented.

You need to establish the market rent for comparable analysis

Established the passing rent by reviewing the lease

Established the market yield using comparables and risk analysis

Capitalise the market rent into perpetuity using the market yield

Capitalise the top size until the next review or the lease end using a market yield uplifted to reflect the risk

add together the hard-core top slice

19
Q

What is discounted cash flow?

A

Discounted cash flows are specific for an investor.

An investor will have a target rate of return

So you need to put together a graph which would show the purchase price in row one at no discount

You need to display the net income in a table and multiplied by the present value of a pound at the target rate.

It’s assume an exit value with a capitalisation at market yield

If net present value is more than zero than a target rate is not met

It can also be used to establish internal rate of return

20
Q

Tell me about the profits method evaluation

A

The profits method of valuation is relating to properties which are valued on the basis of the trading potential

This is Dunn by

Having three years of accounts

Calculating fair maintainable trade

Deducting cost and expenses to get a fair maintainable operating profit for a reasonably efficient operator

You would then apply a yield to the fair maintainable operating profit using benchmarks to get capital value

The rental would usually be around 50% of the fair maintainable operating profit

21
Q

What is the residual method evaluation?

A

This is to do with the valuation of development land

Calculated by

Gross development value less cost costs

22
Q

What’s the difference between a residual value and a development appraisal?

A

Residual values of site

Development appraisals assessed viability

23
Q

What is a development appraisal?

A

Used to calculate how much a scheme is going to cost to build to assess viability

24
Q

Tell me about the different categories in comparable evidence

A

Category a direct comparables relating to all types of relevant transactional comparable evidence

Category B general market data such as historic evidence indices information from published sources and commercial databases supplied demand Darren and Alex

Category C sees other sources such as evidence from other real estate types and locations

25
Is there any Rics guidance on comparable evidence?
The RICS professional standard comparable evidence in real estate evaluation of first edition
26
What’s included within the RICS professional standards comparable evidence in real estate valuation
Set up principles for comparable evidence in real estate evaluation Sources of information Recording of Analysis of evidence Dealing with a shortage of evidence Key factors affecting comparability
27
Can you tell me about the hierarchy of rental evidence?
 there are a range of sources for comparable evidence available to values however some are more relevant than other Comparable evidence can be set into categories a b c A being direct comparables B general market data C other sources Specifically, you need to look at The date The type of transaction i.e. new letting renewal rent review How the rent has been determined such as arbitration or court decisions.
28
Tell me about the depreciated replacement cost method
The method of last resort Established replacement cost of modern equivalent Depreciate for ages and obsolescence (functional, physical ,economic) Plus the site value For rental, you will need to depreciate at the statutory decapitalisation rate usually used in rating assessments
29
Tell me about the types of yield
All risk yield - incorporates all the risk return and growth Gross initial yield - the rent divided by the value Net initial yield add purchase cost to price and then divide the rental value by the price Equivalent yield - the weighted average between terminal and reversion Equated yield - internal rate of return with explicit growth Nominal yield is the initial yield assuming annually in arrears payment pattern True equivalent yield is calculated on a actual payment pattern, e.g. quarterly in advance
30
What is valuer registration?
Value registration is a risk monitoring and quality assurance program with checks compliant with the RICS red book You effectively agree to be audited by the team of regulatory surveyors who will check that you are complying with the mandatory professional standards and following best practice guidelines and that you have robust processes and procedures in place following the audit they will draft a report highlighting any risks or areas for improvement . Understand the fee is £140 per valuer if sole.
31
What would you do in your due diligence in evaluation?
Check I’m competent Conflict check Confirm confirming instructions in writing Terms of engagement Asbestos register Business rates Contamination Equality act compliant Environmental matters Flooding Fire safety compliance Health and safety compliance Highways is the road adopted Title in tenure boundaries land registry easement restrictive covenant Planning, i.e. is the property listed or any conservation area .
32
Talk me through evaluation instruction from beginning to end
Receiving instructions Conflicts and competence Issue terms of engagement signed and returned Due diligence and pre-inspection checks Inspect and measure Decide appropriate method Research market for comps Analyse evidence Weight compré Value the property Draft the report Check by RICS value and sign off Issue report and invoice Keep secure records for six years
33
What are the international valuation standards?
Along with the RCS own requirements, RCS professional standards and practic information incorporate the global concepts defined in the international valuation standards together these provide an effective regulatable framework for the delivery evaluation services to clients RCS sets and maintains professional evaluation standards that apply to RSS members and regulated firms globally. The main global valuation standards are published in the RICS evaluation. Global standards are either a read book which also fully incorporate the IVS. Where applicable the RICS red book refers values to the international valuation standards
34
What is the most recent IVS standards?
The most recent IVF standards were published in January 2024 these include a revised structure and increased focused on ESG data and evaluation modelling.
35
What is the red book UK national supplement?
This sets out specific requirements together with supporting guidance for members on the application of the RICS evaluation global standards Redbook evaluations undertaken subject to UK jurisdiction.
36
What type of things are included within the RSCS Redbook UK national supplement?
Similar to the red book, it is set out in a similar way, i.e. UK professional standards and UK technical and performance standards It also sets out VPGA applications. Specific evaluation practice garden application in the UK supplement include Valuation for financial reporting Evaluations for other regular regulated purposes Valuations for assessing adequacy of financial resources Valuations of local authority assets for accounting purposes Evaluation of central government developed administration and NHS assets for accounting purpose Local authority and central government accounting Evaluation of charity assets Relationship with auditor Valuation for commercial secured lending purposes Valuation of a UK residential property Evaluations for capital gains tax, inheritance tax stamp duty, land tax and annual tax
37
What is UKVGPA 1
Financial reporting specifically for accounts. As per the company act 2006 account must be drafted as per UK GAAP or IFRS The basis adopted is the fair value which differs slightly in both UKGAAP and IFRS however in most cases the figure reported will be the same. The amount for which an asset could be exchanged a liability settled or an equity instrument granted could be exchanged between knowledgeable willing parties and an arm length transactions (UKGAAP)
38
What is UKVPGA 8?
Valuation of charity assets Various statutory provisions applied to charities Charities act 2022 Charities act 2011 Companies act 2006 In acquisitions the charity commission strongly recommends that charities obtain a report from a designated advisor acting solely for the trustees. Registered valuer. Set what should be included within the report. Disposals In disposals of properties charities are required to obtain advice Specifically in the report you will need to include Any steps that could be taken to enhance the value Whether if so how the relevant lunch will be marked Anything else that could be done to ensure that the terms on which the disposition is made are the best and can reasonably obtained for the charity No specified base of value presumption market value and market rent.
39
What is UK VGPA 10
Valuation for commercial secured lending purposes. DRC method unsuitable. Limitation of reliance i.e. excluding third-party reliance. Statement on the suitability for loan security Extensions of validity and revaluations should be approached with caution . Sustainability and ESG requirements Importance of mitigating the risk Seen as the most risky type evaluation work .
40
What is UK VGPA 15?
All to do with evaluations for tax. Basis of value needs to be as per legislation They are written in similar terms and broadly define market The price which the property might reasonably expected to fetch if sold in the open market at a time, but that price might not be assumed to be reduced on the ground at the whole property is to be placed on the market at one time. There may also be a requirement under the capital gains regime that a historic valuation is required i.e. 31st of March 1982
41
Name me some bases of value
Market value Market rent Investment value Equitable value Liquidation value Marriage value Fair value
42
What is the definition of market value?
The estimated amount for which an asset or liability should exchange on the valuation date between a willing buyer and willing seller in length transaction after proper marketing and where the parties have acted knowledgeably prudently and without compulsion
43
What is the definition of investment value?
Value of an asset to a particular owner
44
What is the definition of fair value?
The price that will be received to selling an assets or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date