What is the red book?
The red book is are global standards set by the RICS. All written valuation must be carried out according to the RICS red book unless there is a valid exception under the VPS 1 to 6.
What are VPS 1-6?
Valuation practice statements (processes to follow)
1 - TOE
2 - Basis of Value - assumptions (+special)
3 - valuation approaches and methods
4- Inspections, investigations and records
5- valuation models
6- Valuation reports
What is Professional Standard 1?
Compliance with standards where written valuation is provided.
1 - mandatory application
2- compliance with firms
3- compliant with international standards
4- Compliant within jurisdiction or other valuation standards
5- VPS 1-6 exceptions
6 - departures
7 - regulation: monitoring compliance with these standards
8 - application to members
What is professional standard 2?
ethics, competency, objectivity and disclosures
1 - professional and ethical standards
2 - member qualification
3 - independence objectivity confidentiality identity
4 - maintaining strict separation between advisers
5 - Disclosures were public has an interest or upon which third parties may rely
6 - valuation review
7 - responsibility of the valuation
What are the VGPA?
Evaluation practice guidance application
Set out guidance for the valuations
1 - valuations for financial reporting
2 - valuations for secure lending
3- valuation for business and business interests
4- valuation for trade related properties
5- evaluation for planting equipment
6- evaluation of intangible assets
7-evaluation of arts and antiques
8- evaluation of real property interests
9- valuation of portfolios in group assets
10 - material evaluation uncertainty
11 - relationship with auditor
Why could you carry out evaluation?
Loan security
Rating
Account accounts
Tax
Corporate real estate advice
Pension funds
Potential disposals
Potential acquisitions
Landlord tenant functions
What is a special assumption?
A special assumption is made by the value where the assumption either assumes facts that differ from those existing evaluation date or that would not be made by typical market participant in a transaction on evaluation date
What is assumption?
Assumption is made where it is reasonable for the value to accept that something is true without the need for specific investigation or verification. Any assumption must be reasonable and relevant having regard to the purpose for which evaluation is required.
What is the purpose of the red book?
For consistent objective and transparent valuations
When is VPS one to 6 not mandatory?
Providing an agency or brokerage service in respect of the acquisition or disposal of an asset
Providing valuation advice expressly in preparation for or during negotiations or litigation, including where the value is acting on behalf of others
When acting as a expert witness
Performing statutory functions
Providing valuations for to a client purely for internal purposes
What is included with evaluation practice statement one?
This is Terms of engagement
Identification and status of value
Identification of clients
Identification of the assets or liabilities being valued
Currency
Purpose
Basis of value adopted
Evaluation
Nature and extent of the values work including investigations and any limitations
Nature and sources of information Rado
All assumptions and special assumptions
Format of the report
Restrictions on
Confirmation that the valuation will be undertaken in accordance with the IVS
Whether the firm is registered for regulation by the RICS reference to the firm complete handling
A statement of compliance with these standards
A statement setting out any limitations or liability that has been agreed 
What is included with valuation practice statement 6?
This is evaluation reports
Identification and status of valuer
Identification of the client and then the other intended users
Purpose of the evaluation
Basis of value adopted
Nature of the source of information relied on
Assumptions, especially the assumptions
Restrictions on use distribution of publication of the report
Confirmation that the assignment has been taken in accordance with a ivs
Evaluation approaches and reasoning
Amount of value
Date on valuation report
Commentary on any material uncertainty in relation to the evaluation versus essential to ensure clarity on the part of the evaluation user
A statement setting out limitations on liability that has been agreed
What are the five methods evaluation?
Comparable
Investment
Residual
Profits
Depreciated replacement cost
How would you value using the comparable method?
I will look at the subject property
Select comparables and verify the info
Analyse the comps
Display this in a metrics
Value the property
Stand back and look
What is the investment method?
Investment methods involves applying a yield, i.e. a multiplier to the rent
Talk me through a term and reversion technique evaluation
Firstly, compare the passing to the market rent to establish over under rented
If it was under rented, you’d use usually use a term term and revision
Capitalise the passing rent using years purchase at a yield discounted from market rate
Capitalise reversion using market rent at market yield deferred for the amount of time using present value.
Add the values together
Stand back and look
Talk me through hard-core layer technique
Hard-core and layer is indicated when the property is being valued for the institutional investment market for example Prime officers this is also useful when the reversion is close in time it uses an equivalent yield
capitalise the term into perpetuity
Capitalise reversionary top slice at equivalent yield deferred
Add together and look
What is hard-core and top slice?
Hard-core and top slice is indicated where the current rent is more than the market rent i.e. the properties over rented.
You need to establish the market rent for comparable analysis
Established the passing rent by reviewing the lease
Established the market yield using comparables and risk analysis
Capitalise the market rent into perpetuity using the market yield
Capitalise the top size until the next review or the lease end using a market yield uplifted to reflect the risk
add together the hard-core top slice
What is discounted cash flow?
Discounted cash flows are specific for an investor.
An investor will have a target rate of return
So you need to put together a graph which would show the purchase price in row one at no discount
You need to display the net income in a table and multiplied by the present value of a pound at the target rate.
It’s assume an exit value with a capitalisation at market yield
If net present value is more than zero than a target rate is not met
It can also be used to establish internal rate of return
Tell me about the profits method evaluation
The profits method of valuation is relating to properties which are valued on the basis of the trading potential
This is Dunn by
Having three years of accounts
Calculating fair maintainable trade
Deducting cost and expenses to get a fair maintainable operating profit for a reasonably efficient operator
You would then apply a yield to the fair maintainable operating profit using benchmarks to get capital value
The rental would usually be around 50% of the fair maintainable operating profit
What is the residual method evaluation?
This is to do with the valuation of development land
Calculated by
Gross development value less cost costs
What’s the difference between a residual value and a development appraisal?
Residual values of site
Development appraisals assessed viability
What is a development appraisal?
Used to calculate how much a scheme is going to cost to build to assess viability
Tell me about the different categories in comparable evidence
Category a direct comparables relating to all types of relevant transactional comparable evidence
Category B general market data such as historic evidence indices information from published sources and commercial databases supplied demand Darren and Alex
Category C sees other sources such as evidence from other real estate types and locations