Week 1

Question 1

Where does spermatogenesis take place>

Answer 1

seminiferous tubules of the testes

Question 2

Stages of sperm development

Answer 2

• spermatogonial phase: mitosis occurs
• spermatocyte phase: meiosis occurs
• spermatid phase: differentiation into mature sperm

Question 3

Spermatogenesis phases

Answer 3

1. Spermatocytogenesis: Type A spermatogonia to Type B spermatogonia.
2. Meiosis: primary spermatocytes to secondary spermatocytes to spermatids.
3. Spermiogenesis: spermatids –> spermatozoa

Question 4

Spermiogenesis phases

Answer 4

• a. Golgi phase: Golgi body enzymes form acrosome
• b. Acrosomal phase: Acrosome condenses around nucleus to form the cap
• c. Tail phase: Centriole elongates to form tail
• d. Maturation phase: spermatid loses excess cytoplasm and forms the mature sperm

Question 5

Spermatocytogenesis explanation

Answer 5

Type A spermatogonia divide mitotically to replace themselves and to produce cells that begin differentiation (Type B spermatogonia).

Question 6

Meiosis phase explanation

Answer 6

Cells in prophase 1 are primary spermatocytes. They go through meiosis I and become secondary spermatocytes. The cells quickly proceed through this stage and complete meiosis II resulting in spermatids. All of these progeny cells remain attached to each other by cytoplasmic bridges. The bridges remain until sperm are fully differentiated.

Question 7

Spermatozoa

• parts
• length
• motility

Answer 7

• head (acrosome; contains enzymes to help penetrate ovum and nucleus), neck (contains mito for energy), tail (flagellum for movement)
• 60 micro-meters
• becomes motile in the epididymis

Question 8

Oogenesis

Answer 8

-Before birth:
oogonium through mitosis to primary oocyte (arrests in prophase I)
-After puberty:
primary oocyte finishes meiosis and makes secondary oocyte (arrests in metaphase II; will be ovulated and wait for fertilization until it is shed through menstration

Question 9

what is an oogonium

Answer 9

diploid cell that is the precursor to an oocyte

Question 10

what is a primary oocyte

Answer 10

diploid cell produced by mitotic division of oogonia, arrest in prophase I

Question 11

What stage is the primary oocyte stored until?

Answer 11

puberty

Question 12

when is meosis I completed? meosis II?

Answer 12

• just before ovulation

- only if egg is fertilized

Question 13

where is primordial follicle found?

Answer 13

ovary

Question 14

where is the primary oocyte found?

Answer 14

primordial follicle

Question 15

when and where do you find the secondary oocyte?

Answer 15

-vesicular follicle

Question 16

ulna

Answer 16

• stabilizing bone of the forearm
• medial and longer than radius
• articulates to the humerus (olecranon and coronoid process) had head of radius

Question 17

radius

Answer 17

• lateral and shorter

- articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and peripherally with the radial notch of the ulna

Question 18

movements of ulna and radius

Answer 18

supination and pronation

Question 19

which bone pivots are the other? radius or ulna? how does this affect movement of hand?

Answer 19

radius pivots around ulna

Question 20

segments of the hand

Answer 20

• Phalanges
• metacarpals
• Carpals

Question 21

Phalanges

• how many?
• segments
• name

Answer 21

• 14
• distal, middle, proximal-each with a base, shaft, and head
• by number, thumb being 1, pinky being 5

Question 22

Metacarpals

• how many?
• name
• segments

Answer 22

• 5
• by number, thumb being 1, pinky being 5
• base, shaft, head

Question 23

Carpals

• how many?
• concave vs convex
• movement in relation to each other

Answer 23

• 8
• concave anteriorly, convex posteriorly
• Augmenting movement at the wrist joint, the two rows of carpal bones glide on each other; in addition, each bone glides on those adjacent to it

Question 24

Names of carpals

-anatomical position, proximal to distak, medial to lateral

Answer 24

-pisiform, triquetrium, lunate, scaphoid, hook of hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

Question 25

Why are radiographs of hand and wrist commonly use to assess skeletal age? - first to ossify - last to ossify

Answer 25

- ossification centers are obvious - centers for capitate and hamate - carpal bones

Question 26

Which bones of the wrist attach to the forearm?

Answer 26

scaphoid, lunate, and triquetreum attach to the distal end of radius and articular disc of distal radio-ulnar joint

Question 27

Movements of the wrist (4)

Answer 27

- flexion - extension - adduction - abduction

Question 28

Space that occupies distal ulna and proximal row of carpal bones

Answer 28

articular disc of distal radio-ulnar joint

Question 29

Flexor retinaculum

Answer 29

- transverse palmar ligament - forms roof of carpal tunnel and turns the carpal arch into the carpal tunnel by bridging space between medial and lateral parts of the arch

Question 30

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 30

-tenderness and neuropathy to hand and arm related to median nerve compression

Question 31

Carpal tunnel boundaries

Answer 31

- carpal bones (inferiorly) | - flexor retinaculum (superiorly)

Question 32

Carpal tunnel contents

Answer 32

○ Flexor Digitorum superficialis tendons (4) ○ Median Nerve (laterally) ○ Flexor Pollicis Longus tendon (laterally) Flexor Digitorum profundus tendons (4)

Question 33

artery of the wrist used for taking pulse

Answer 33

-radial artery, on distal radius the artery is only covered by skin and fascia making it ideal to check pulse

Question 34

most common fracture in adolescents - bones involved - MOA

Answer 34

Distal forearm fracture; - radius and ulna involved - fall onto out stretched arm

Question 35

bone of proximal carpal row most often fractured/ experience a non-union? -role arterial blood flow plays in adverse outcome

Answer 35

- scaphoid | - very little blood flow to the scaphoid causing avascular necrosis to proximal fragment of scaphoid

Question 36

sternoclavicular joint - bones - ligaments - movements

Answer 36

- sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium and the 1st costal cartilage -  interclavicular ligament: strengthens the capsule superiorly, extends from the sternal end of one clavicle to the sternal end of the other clavicle; costoclavicular ligament: anchors the inferior surface of the sternal end of the clavicle to the 1st rib and its costal cartilage - anteriorly, posteriorly, superiorly, inferiorly

Question 37

acromioclavicular joint - bones - ligaments - Coracoacromial arch - movement

Answer 37

- clavicle articulates with the acromion of the scapula - Coracoclavicular ligament, conoid ligament, trapezoid ligament - protective arch formed by the smooth inferior aspect of the acromion and the coracoid process of the scapula with the coracoacromial ligament spanning between them.  - rotation

Question 38

glenohumeral joint - bones - ligaments - dislocations

Answer 38

- humeral head articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula - Glenohumeral ligaments, coracohumeral ligament, transverse humeral ligament, coracoacromial ligament - presence of the coraco-acromial arch and support of the rotator cuff are effective in preventing upward dislocation, most dislocations of the humeral head occur in the downward (inferior) direction

Question 39

elbow joint - bones - ligaments

Answer 39

- humerus with ulna and radius | - Radial collateral ligament, anular ligament of radius, ulnar collateral ligament