1
Q
3 phases in a PCR reaction
A
-denaturation, annealing, and elongation
2
Q
Denaturation
A
heats it up to break apart bonds
3
Q
Annealing
A
adds primers (cool down)
4
Q
Elongation
A
activating DNA polymerases so it copies
5
Q
amount of cycles used to amplify DNA
A
There are 20-45 cycles; on average: 30
6
Q
function of PCR
A
Used for medical diagnostics (bacterial and viral confirmation, determination of diseases/genetic mutations i.e. cystic fibrosis through CFTR gene sequencing, forensics, and prenatal diagnoses).
7
Q
thermocycler
A
laboratory apparatus most commonly used to amplify segments of DNA via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
8
Q
bones that make up cranial fossa
A
6: frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, parietal, occipital
9
Q
anterior cranial fossa:
three groves
A
- superior sagital sinus (dural venous sinus)
- anterior meningeal (branch of the ophthalmic artery)
- nasociliary (branch of the ophthalmic nerve
10
Q
anterior cranial fossa: one fossa
A
-olfactory (olfactory bulb)
11
Q
anterior cranial fossa: three foramen
A
- caecum (contains dural diverticulum
- anterior ethmoid (anterior ethmoid artery, nerve, and vein)
- posterior ethmoid (posterior ethmoid artery, nerve, and vein)
12
Q
anterior cranial fossa: one cristae
A
-gallo (attachment to the falx cerebri)
13
Q
middle cranial fossa: two grooves
A
- chiasmatic-optic canal (optic nerve and opthalmic artery)
- carotid (interior carotid artery and cavernous sinus)
14
Q
middle cranial fossa: one fissure
A
III, IV, V1, VI, (opthalmic) cranial nerves, superior and inferior opthalmic veins
15
Q
middle cranial fossa: four foramen
A
- rotundum (maxillary cranial nerve, emissary veins
- ovale (mandibular cranial nerve, acessory meningeal artery)
- spinosum (middle meningeal artery and vein)
- lacerum (great petrosal nerve)
16
Q
middle cranial fossa: three sellae
A
- tuberculum (anterior wall)
- turcica (hypophyseal fossa)
- dorsum (posterior wall)
17
Q
middle cranial fossa: three processes
A
- anterior clinoid
- middle clinoid
- posterior clinoid
18
Q
posterior cranial fossa: 1 meatus
A
-internal auditory(VII, VIII, cranial nerves
19
Q
posterior cranial fossa: 3 foramen
A
- Magnum (spinal cord to brain stem)
- Jugular (IX cranial nerve and inferior petrosal sinus; jugular bulb, X/XI cranial nerves)
- Condyloid (emissary veins and meningeal br of occipital artery)
20
Q
posterior cranial fossa: 1 groove
A
-for superior petrosal sinus
21
Q
posterior cranial fossa: 1 canal
A
-hypoglossal (XII cranial nerve)
22
Q
posterior cranial fossa: 1 aqueduct
A
-vestibular (endolymphatic sinus and duct)
23
Q
posterior cranial fossa: 1 clivus
A
medulla and pons
24
Q
Olfactory
A
Smell from nasal mucosa of roof of each nasal cavity and superior sides of nasal septum and superior concha
-special sensory
25
Optic
Vision from retina
| -special sensory
26
Oculomotor
- Somatic motor: Motor to superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, and levator palpebrae superioris muscles; raises superior eyelid; rotates eyeball superiorly, inferiorly, and medially
- Visceral motor: Parasympathetic innervation to sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle; constricts pupil and accommodate lens of eye
- motor
27
Trochlear
- Motor to superior oblique to assist in turning eye inferolaterally (or inferiorly when adducted)
- motor
28
Trigeminal
- Ophthalmic division (CN V1): Sensation from cornea, skin of forehead, scalp, eyelids, nose, and mucosa of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
- Maxillary division (CN V2): Sensation from skin of face over maxilla including upper lip, maxillary teeth, mucosa of nose, maxillary sinuses, and palate
- Mandibular division (CN V3): Sensation from the skin over mandible, including lower lip, side of head, mandibular teeth, temporomandibular joint, mucosa of mouth, and anterior two thirds of tongue; Motor to muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor veli palatini, and tensor tympani
- mixed motor and sensory
29
Abducent
- Motor to lateral rectus to turn eye laterally
| - motor
30
Facial
- Motor to muscles of facial expression and scalp; also supplies stapedius of middle ear, stylohyoid, and posterior belly of digastric
- Taste from anterior two thirds of tongue and palate
- General sensation from skin of both aspects of auricle
- Parasympathetic innervation to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal gland, and glands of nose and palate
- mixed motor and sensory
31
Vesitbulocochlear
- Vestibular: Vestibular sensation from semicircular ducts, utricle, and saccule related to position and movement of head
- Cochlear: Hearing from spiral organ
- special sensory
32
Glossopharyngeal
- Motor to stylopharyngeus to assist with swallowing
- Visceral motor: Parasympathetic innervation to parotid gland
- Special sensory: Taste from posterior third of tongue and pharynx
- Somatic (general) sensory: Posterior auricle, tragus, posterior 1/3 of tongue, soft palate and pharynx
- Somatic (general sensory): Tympanic cavity and membrane, pharyngo-tympanic tube, mastoid cells
- Visceral sensory: Carotid body (chemoreceptors) and sinus (baroreceptor)
- mixed
33
Vagus
- Somatic motor: Motor to constrictor muscles of pharynx, intrinsic muscles of larynx, muscles of palate (except tensor veli palatini), and striated muscle in superior two thirds of esophagus
- Visceral motor: Parasympathetic innervation to smooth muscle of trachea, bronchi, digestive tract, and cardiac muscle
- Visceral sensory: Visceral sensation from base of tongue, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, esophagus, stomach, and intestine
- Special sensory: Taste from epiglottis and palate
- Somatic (general) sensory: Sensation from auricle, external acoustic meatus, and dura mater of posterior cranial fossa
- mixed
34
Spinal accessory
Motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
| -motor
35
Hypoglossal
Motor to intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus)
-motor
36
Which of cranial nerve contain parasympathetic nerve fibers
III, VII, IX, X
37
pre-ganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies: III
Pre: midbrain; post: ciliary ganglion
38
pre-ganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies:
VII
pre: pons; post: pterygopalatine ganglion and submandibular ganglion
39
pre-ganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies:
IX
pre: medulla; post: optic ganglion
40
pre-ganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies:
X
Presynaptic in medulla and postsynaptic in intrinsic ganglia in, on, or near viscera
41
when testing cranial nerve, patients tongue deviates towards the right when she is asked to stick it out; which cranial nerve is affected?
XII: Hypoglossal nerve
42
What are the muscles of mastication?
| What are they innervated by?
- temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid, and masseter muscles
- trigeminal nerve
43
which cranial nerves carry only sensory information?
I, II, VIII
44
which cranial nerve extends beyond the head and neck region?
trigeminal
45
How molecules separate in standard page
smaller bands=lighter
- Lightest and more negative charge will travel the furthest (to anode)
- Heaviest will remain closer to the origin
46
Cathode vs anode
cathode is negatively charged (cations, which are positively charged, will move toward cathode).
Oppositely, the anode is positively charged (anions, which are negatively charged, will move toward anode).
47
Western blot
allows detection of single protein within a sample of many proteins;
48
Northern blot
RNA detection
49
Southern blot
DNA detection
50
Protein electrophoresis
- test that measures specific proteins in the blood. The test separates proteins in the blood based on their electrical charge.
- used to find abnormal substances called M proteins. The presence of M proteins can be a sign of a type of cancer called myeloma, or multiple myeloma
51
Step to detect specific protein
- To detect a specific protein, an antibody to that protein must be available.
- The nitrocellulose membrane blocked with a nonspecific protein solution
- primary antibody is then added to the membrane where it only binds the protein of interest.
- The antibody protein complex is finally detected using a secondary antibody that has a detection system attached.
52
Antibody
- immunoglobulin,
- large, Y-shaped protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens
- antibody recognizes pathogen with an antigen, via the Fab's variable region
53
Antigen
- substances specifically bound by antibodies or T lymphocyte antigen receptors.
- stimulate production of antibodies
54
antigen-binding fragment (Fab)
- region on an antibody that binds to antigens
| - composed of one constant and one variable domain of each of the heavy and the light chain.
55
Fc
part of antibody that undergoes class switching
56
Polyclonal
- animal gets Ag, and the animal produces antibodies for different parts of the antigen
- less specific (can identify multiple antigens that are very similar); can get a false positive
57
Monoclonal
-more specific, more expensive; can select what to target; can get false negatives
58
Immunohistochemistry
-technique for identifying cellular or tissue components using antigen-antibody interactions
59
Direct method of IHC
- Antibody and antigen directly on tissue
| - Involves: Labeled antibody; Antigen;Tissue section
60
Indirect method of IHC
- Uses an intermediary step
| - Involves: Unlabeled primary antibody; Labeled secondary antibody; Antigen; Tissue section
61
In Situ Hybridization
-molecular procedure that enables the direct visualization of nucleic acid targets in cytologic, histologic or karyotypic specimens
62
process of flourescent In Situ Hybridization
1) Fluorescence staining
2) Denaturation of chromosome
3) Denaturation of probe; add it to slide
4) Hybridization
Examine slides
Unit 3: SXS lab
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