compartments of the forearm
extensor-supinator compartment and flexor-pronator compartment
what muscle does the median nerve pass through after the cubital fossa
pronator teres
What muscle does the ulnar nerve pass through
Flexor carpi ulnaris
How are the muscles of the posterior forearm classified
superficial, intermediate, deep
what is the primary action of posterior forearm muscles
extend the wrist
what nerve innervates the posterior forearm muscles
radial nerve
What muscles are in the superficial layer of posterior forearm muscles and what nerve innervates them?
- Brachioradialis: Radial nerve
- Extensor carpi radialis longus: Radial nerve
- Extensor carpi radialis brevis:Deep branch of radial nerve
- Extensor digitorum
- Extensor digiti minimi (EDM)
- Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU)
What muscles are in the deep layer of posterior forearm muscles and what nerve innervates them?
- Supinator: Deep branch of radial nerve (C7,C8)
- Extensor indicis: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8), continuation of deep branch of radial nerve
- Abductor pollicis longus: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7,C8), continuation of deep branch of radial nerve
- Extensor pollicis longus
- Extensor pollicis brevis
Symptoms of injured radial nerve
- sharp or burning pain, as well as unusual sensations in your thumb and fingers.
- It’s common to experience numbness, tingling, and trouble straightening your arm.
- You may also find that you can’t extend or straighten your wrist and fingers.
Causes of Basal Cell carcinoma
- Solar UV radiation
- UV-B and UV-A rays
- Xeroderma pigmentosum
Risk factors of Basal Cell carcinoma
- Age: 60 and older
- Sex: men
- Genetics: Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin-Goltz syndrome)-PTCH1gene variant
- Ethnicity/race: fair skin, red/blonde hair
Clinical presentation of basal cell carcinoma
Papules and nodules with central ulceration, erosion, or depression/ Waxy/ Raised or crusty border/ Bleeds when knocked or pulled/ Translucent or pearly/ Pigmented
Benign melanocyctic nevi
- moles
- caused by mutations in components of the Ras signaling pathway
- tan to brown in color
- uniformly pigmented
- small (usually less than 6 mm across)
- flat macules or elevated papules with well-defined, rounded borders
Squamous cell carcinoma
Proliferation of atypical keratinocytes arising from the epidermis infiltrating the dermis
Basal cell carcinoma
proliferation of basophilic cells arising from the basal epidermis infiltrating the dermis
Melanoma
tend to form nests that are malignant and pigments
Maturation of nevi
-scattered dendritic melanocytes–junctional nevus–compound nevus–dermal nevus– dermal nevus with neurotization
Steps of tumor progression in dysplastic nevi
-lentinginous melanocytic hyperplasia–lentiginous melanocytic hyperplasia–lentinginous compound nevus with abnormal architecture and cytologic features–early melanoma–advanced melanoma
