categories of time use
necessary time
contracted time
committed time
free time
waist necessary time
personal care activities
whats contracted time
paid work and educational activities
what committed time
eg domestic activities, child care, purchasing activities, voluntary work and care activities
whats free time
eg recreation and leisure actives and social participation
intrinsic factors of time usage
- Personality/temperament
- Preference- how did they develop
- Skills, abilities, knowledge
- Basic needs
- Health/illness, disability
- Biological rhythms (circadian rhythms, morningness and eveningness- diurnal types)
- Age, gender, socioeconomic status
- Values/attitudes/meaning given to what we do
extrinsic factors of time use
- Zeitgebers- time giver- the outside influences on our internal clock
- Physical zeitgebers: daylight, noise
- Social zeitgebers: mealtimes, bedtime rituals
- Resources available
- Environment (physical, social, political)
- Cultural influence
define temporality
concerns the temporal character of occupation that are imbued with meaning ni relation to one’s sense of past (memory), present (direct perception) and future (expectations).
what a quantitive study
- Objective
- Etic perspective (outside)
- How much time do people spend in occupations eg number of hours, minutes
what a qualitative study
- Subjective
- Emic perspective (insider)
- How do people experience time spent in occupations? Eg easy time, hard time, wasting time, busy time.
whats methods for understanding time use
time use diary
experience sampling metholodly
ocupaitonla questionaire
whats a time use diary
requires the participator to complete a log or diary of th sequence and duration of activities engaged in typically for 24 hours. They can indicate the impact of disability on participation in activities and an indicator of the quality of life.
whats a experience sampling methodology ESM
makes use of the sampling strategy of psot sampling while avoiding the problems associated with the intrusive observer. Brings in the environmental context. Allows to correlate environmental context with subjective experience.Designed to study both persons and situations simultaneously
Data can be analysed to:
Estimate how much time is spend doing various activities dur waking hours.
Explore interaction of the person with their environment
- What people do all day , where and with whom
- How people report experiencing different moments in their lives
whats an occupational questionaire
- Self report but can be administered as a semi structured interview
- Clients indicate what activities they engage in over the course of a weekday or weekend day
- Recorded in half hour periods
- Use with adolescents or adults
- Assist clients examine activity patterns and identify areas for change
method for understand ing tempo
- Morningness-eveningness questioner
- Accelerometer eg Fitbit
- Smartphone apps for monitoring menstrual cycle etc.
methods for understanding temporality
- Interviews eg life history
- Occupational performance history interview
- Self-discovery tapestry eg patterns across the lifespan.
instructions for ESM
- Using the form provided you will be required to complete an ESM at some time during todays class
- A buzzer will sound at some point during todays tutorial
- When you hear the buzzer please complete one ESM on the handout provided.
what does ESM do
- Makes use of sampling strategy while avoiding problems associated with intrusive observer
- Avoids dependence upon recall
- Brings in environmental context
- Yields persons thoughts, feelings, motivations over the day
- Difficult to administer as a beeper methodology
- Difficult to analyse
- Difficult to use with some populations
what does the ocupationa questionnaire ask of each clietn to rate
Whether they consider the occupation to be work, daily living, recreation or rest
How well they think they perform the occupation including very well, well, about average, poorly, or very poorly.
Importance of occupation: extremely important, important, take it or leave it, rather not do it or total time of waste.
How much do you enjoy this activity: like it much, like it, neither like or dislike, dislike it, strongly dislike it.
what information odes the occupational questionnaire give
- Use (what they do) of time their
- Experience (how they feel about it) of time
May provide OT with information: - Particular troublesome times or activities in a clients daily schedule
- Lack of balance and time use
- Disorganisation in the persons use of time
- Problems such as lack of feeling competent, lack of interest or lack of value in daily activities
- A way of examination patterns.
negatives of time use diary
- Do not provide direct access to the persons internal states and time use
- Do not reflect the intensity of the experience
- Perception of time use varies with activity
- Use of time use categories is flawed
outcomes of time use diary
- Detect changes in behaviour associated with the benefits and side effects of treatment in relation to other activities
- More precisely measure sociability, fatigue and behaviour related to the way people use their time
- Offer more precise cost benefit analyses of treatments for agencies who make the funding decisions.
meaning of time use
Physiological needs
• How much time do you sleep and why? Do you eat for basic food requirements or something else?
Personal gratification
• Why have you chosen to study occupational therapy?
Killing time
• What do you do to kill time and why do you choose this activity?
Social meaning
• Why do people do volunteers work?
intrinsic factors affecting time use
Personality/temperament • Preferences • Skills, abilities, knowledge • Basic needs (e.g. Maslow) • Health/illness, disability • Biological rhythms • Age, gender, SES • Values/attitudes/meaning given to what we do
