Week 2 - Study Guide Questions

Question 1

what is required to help maintain glucose regulation?

Answer 1

• hormones

Question 2

how is BG maintained when food/glucose intake is decreased?

Answer 2

• thru counteregulatory hormones

Question 3

how is BG maintained when there is excess caloric intake?

Answer 3

• thru the release of insulin

Question 4

what are counter-regulatory hormone mean?

Answer 4

• hormones that oppose the actions of other hormones - in the case of glucose regulation they would be hormones that oppose insulin

Question 5

list examples of counter-regulatory hormones

Answer 5

• glucagon
• cortisol
• GH
• norepi
• epi

Question 6

summarize what goes wrong in type 1 DM that leads to alteration in glucose homeostasis

Answer 6

• autoimmune disorder which leads to destruction of beta cells
• this causes there is be insufficient/cessation of insulin secretion
• this insufficient/cessation of insulin causes hyperglycemia

Question 7

summarize what goes wrong in type 2 DM that leads to alteration in glucose homeostasis

Answer 7

• combo of lifestyle & genetic factors

- leads to peripheral insulin resistance paired with beta cell failure resulting in hyperglycemia

Question 8

which anti-hyperglycemic meds put the patient most at risj for episodes of hypoglycemia?

Answer 8

• sulfonylureas #1

- meglitinides

Question 9

what are the primary biologic targets for glycemic management

Answer 9

• the liver
• target tissues (to make the body more sensitive to insulin)
• pancreas
• kidneys
• intestine

Question 10

what is fasting blood glucose

Answer 10

• BG levels after not eating or drinking fluids except water for at least 8 hrs

Question 11

what is FBG used for?

Answer 11

• used to screen & diagnose diabetes & prediabetes

Question 12

what FBG level is normal? prediabetes? diabetes?

Answer 12

• normal = <5.6
• pre = 6.1-6.9
• diabetes >7

Question 13

what is a random BG

Answer 13

• random blood test to check BG

Question 14

what is a random BG good for?

Answer 14

• good for assessing how well the diabetes is being managed & diagnosing

Question 15

what is a hemoglobin A1C test

Answer 15

• blood test that measures how much of your hgb is glycoslated (binded to glucose)

Question 16

what does a hemoglobin A1C test tell you?

Answer 16

• gives an average blood glucose over ~120 days

- useful for screening & diagnosing

Question 17

what is a normal A1C? prediabetes? diabetes?

Answer 17

• normal = < 5.5%
• pre = 6-6.4%
• diabetes = > 6.5%

Question 18

what random BG level would diagnose someone with diabetes?

Answer 18

• > 11.1 mmol/L

Question 19

what is a glucose tolerance test

Answer 19

• test that measures our body’s response to sugar
• patinet fasts over night, then consumes a 75 g glucose load
• BG is then measured over 2 hrs

Question 20

what is a GTT useful for?

Answer 20

• can evaluate both fasting & postprandial BG

Question 21

what levels indicate a positive GTT test

Answer 21

either:

• FBG > 7
• or when BG exceeds 11.1 during the 2 hrs