Week 4 - Study Questions

Question 1

what are the 5 major roles of the kidneys

Answer 1

1. filter & excrete metabolic watse
2. maintain bp and vol
3. produce erythropoeitin
4. balance electrolytes
5. balance acid-base

Question 2

which lab values are often used to monitor kidney function (4)

Answer 2

• BUN
• creatinine
• electrolytes
• urinalysis

Question 3

a client is admitted with a diagnosis of AKI. what will the nurse expect to see in terms of urine production in this client initially?

Answer 3

• decrease in urine output

Question 4

what is acute tubular necrosis

Answer 4

• most common intrarenal cause of AKI

- primarly the result of ischemia, nephrotoxins, or sepsis

Question 5

how might ATN affect our levels of sodium & potassium in the body?

Answer 5

during the maintenance phase:

• get hyperkalemia (bc cannot excrete & regulate it)
• get either normal or below-normal sodium

during recovery:

• hyponatremia
• hypokalemia

Question 6

what assessment findings might by seen in a client with AKI on the cardio system? (4)

Answer 6

• edema
• HTN
• pericardial effusion
• fluid overload can lead to CHF

Question 7

what assessment findings might be seen in a cient with AKI on the pulmonary system?

Answer 7

• pulmonary edema
• pleural effusion
• crackles

Question 8

what is a lower UTI

Answer 8

= cystitis

- involves inflammation of the urinary vladder

Question 9

what are clinical manifestations of lower UTI

Answer 9

• urgency & frequency
• suprapubic discomfort or pressure
• dysuria
• cloudy urine –> hematuria

Question 10

what is an upper UTI

Answer 10

= pyelonephritis

- involves inflammation of the renal parenchyma and collect system

Question 11

what are clinical manifestations of an upper UTI

Answer 11

• fever
• chills
• flank pain
  + LUTS
• urinalysis findings

Question 12

describe symptoms of an UTI in an older adults

Answer 12

experience:

• nonlocalized abdominal discomfort
• cognitive impairment
• slight decline in temp

Question 13

what urinalysis & CBC findings are seen in pyelonephritis (5)

Answer 13

• pyuria
• bacteruria
• hematuria
• casts
• leukocytosis with shift to the left (increase in immature neutrophils)

Question 14

what is glomerulonephritis

Answer 14

• immune-related inflammation of the glomeruli

Question 15

describe hpw the immune system is involved in glomerulonephritis (2)

Answer 15

1. development of antibodies against one’s own glomerular basement membrane (GBM)
2. immune complexes deposited along the GBM activate complement & inflammatory response causing glomerular injury

Question 16

what are the key characteristics of glomerulonephritis (6)

Answer 16

• proteinuria
• hematuria
• decreased urine production
• edema
• casts
• elevated BUN and creatinine

Question 17

why is taking a thorough history important with glomerulonephritis

Answer 17

it is necessary to assess exposure to:

• drugs
• immunizations
• microbial infections
• viral infections
• immune disorders

Question 18

what manifestations might we see in a client with an obstructing renal calculi (3)

Answer 18

• abdominal or flank pain
• hematuria
• renal colic, which may cause NV

Question 19

why are fluid intake patterns important when taking the medical history of a client with suspect renal calculus?

Answer 19

• low fluid intake is a risk factor for developing renal calculi

Question 20

how does lithotripsy treat renal calculi

Answer 20

• involves the use of sound waves to break renal stones into small particles that can be eliminated from the urinary tract