define: proptosis
- eye dislocation
define: conjunctival injection
- red/pink eyes
define: chemosis
- swelling of the eye
explain: blood psi (what’s normal range? how to read?
- normal = anything below 120/90
- blood psi = measurement of the amount of power/psi blood is exerting on the artery walls
- top number = systolic (how much psi exerted while beating)
- bottom number = diastolic = psi between beats
name: all cranial nerves in order
I - Optic
II - Olfactory
III - Oculomotor
IV - Trochlear
V - Trigeminal
VI - Abducens
VII - Facial
VIII - Vestibulocochlear
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus
XI - Accessory
XII - Hypoglossal
name: cranial nerves in order sensory or motor?
S I - Optic
S II - Olfactory
M III - Oculomotor
M IV - Trochlear
B V - Trigeminal
M VI - Abducens
B VII - Facial
S VIII - Vestibulocochlear
B IX - Glossopharyngeal
B X - Vagus
M XI - Accessory
M XII - Hypoglossal
name: ways to test cranial nerve I
- olfactory
- plug one nostril + ask patient to smell
name: ways to test cranial nerve II
- optic
- snellen charts = for visual acuity
⤷ 20/40 vision = patient sees smth at 40ft that a normal person can see from 20ft - ishihara plates = for colour blindness
- wiggle fingers in each 4 quadrants = testing visual field
- move both fingers at same time + check if patient noticies = testing visual inattention
- cover an eye + shine light to see if both pupils constrict = testing reflexes
- fundoscopy = for looking at retina
define: parts of the eye (fundus, macula, fovea, optic disk,
- fundus= interior surface of eye
⤷ has retina, optic disc, macula, fovea, posterior pole - macula = small area in center of retina
⤷ essential for fine details (reading) - fovea = region of highest visual acuity
⤷ responsible for more detailed vision - optic disk = no photorecep. -> blind spot
- posterior pole = general back portion of eye
question: what nerves are involved in eye mvt?
- III = oculomotor
- IV = trochlear
- VI = abducens
define: eye adduction
- mvt. towards nose
define: diplopia
- double vision
define: ptosis
- drooping of eye
define: eye convergence
- moving eyes inward at the same time
name: ways to test cranial nerves III, IV, VI
- testing eye movement
- III = oculomotor
- IV = trochlear
- VI = abducens
- ask patient to follow finger w/ just eye
name: ways to test cranial nerve V
- trigeminal
⤷ involved in sensory supply + motor supply (chewing) - testing differs based on what’s tested
- ask patient to clench teet + observe and feel masseter and temporalis musc.
- jaw jerk mvt. = for testing reflexes
⤷ strike finger on chin + observe for motion
name: branches of cranial verve V
- trigeminal
- 3 branches
⤷ ophthalmic (eyes)
⤷ maxillary (upper jaw)
⤷ mandibular (lower jaw)
name: ways to test cranial nerve VII
- facial
⤷ provides motor func. for facial expressions - ask patient to make diff. faces
name: ways to test cranial nerve VIII
- vestibulocochlear
- rinne test = to test hearing
⤷ use tuning fork 1. against mastoid process (bone behind ear area) 2. next to ear and ask which is louder
⤷ healthy = louder when next to ear
name: ways to test cranial nerve IX
- glossopharyngeal
⤷ provides sensory supply to palate - initiate gag reflex
⤷ use tongue depressor to go as close to uvula as possible
name: ways to test cranial nerve X
- vagus
⤷ provides motor supply to pharynx
⤷ connects to rest of body through PNS - ask patient to speak (exc. “ahhhhh”) -> observe uvula mvt.
name: ways to test cranial nerve XI
- accessory
⤷ provides motor supply to sternocleidomastoid musc. - ask patient to move musc. against resistance
⤷ turn head, shrug shoulders
name: ways to test cranial nerve XII
- hypoglossal
- ask patient to stick tongue out
⤷ if deviates to a side = suggests weakness in tongue musc.
explain: cerebral angiogram
- diagnostic procedure
- provides image of blood in head + neck
- insert catheter into groin area
⤷ bc femoral gives direct path to head + neck
